The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of walking exercise on the mental activity of 44 elderly patients with slight, long-term cerebral infarction. Walking exercise, mental activity and brain morphology were determined by the number of steps taken per day, modified Hasegawa's dementia scales-R and computed tomography, respectively.
The results are as follows : The average number of steps taken per day for the group of normal mental activity was 3489±1692, for subnormal 2073±980, pre-dementia 1458±1241, and dementia 570±1132. Sylvian fissures enlargement ratio in the normal group was 4.3±1.7%, subnormal was 4.1±0.8%, predementia 6.0±2.3%, dementia 6.3±1.8%.
The difference between the right and left sylvian fissure enlargement ratio in the normal group was 1.8±0.9% (right) vs. 2.5±1.3% (left), subnormal: 1.7±0.4% (right) vs. 2.5±0.5% (left), predementia : 2.6±0.9% (right) vs. 3.4±1.5% (left), dementia: 3.0±1.2% (right) vs. 3.2±0.9% (left) . Cerebrum-cranial cavity ratio in the normal group was 80.6±5.0%, subnormal 78.6±5.0%, predementia 74.6±4.8%, dementia 72.7±3.4%.
The lateral ventricles-cranial cavity ratio for normal was 14.3±4.5%, subnormal 14.7±3.1%, predementia 17.3±3.6%, dementia 16.8±4.7%. The difference between good walking patients (over 1000steps/day) and poor walking patients (less than 1000steps/day) concerning the sylvian fissures-cranial cavity ratio (A), cerebrum-cranial cavity ratio (B) and lateral ventricles-cranial cavity ratio (C) was as follows: (A) 4.4±1.5% vs. 6.4±1.9% (p<0.001), (B) 78.4±6.7% vs. 74.0±3.4% (p<0.05), (C) 15.2±3.9% vs. 16.5±4.5% (ns) .
The above data indicates that there is an interrelationship among walking exercise, mental activity and brain morphology.

The series of ECG examination were performed to study the influence of different kinds of exercise on heart of two untrained middle aged healthy male volunteers.
One of them was assigned to run 10 kilometers or so, as fast as he could, once a day for 17 days. The other was assigned to run on a treadmill of three degree gradient for 20 minutes with a speed of 150 meters per minute once a day for 10 years. This volume of exercise was designed at a workload requiring 2/3 of his VO₂max value.
In the former case, frequent supraventricular premature beats with ventricular aberrant conduction occurred on the 21 st day from the beginning of the study. These changes on ECG were complicated with sinus arrhythmia and complete AV block on the 23 rd day. Sinus bradycardia and supraventricular bigeminy with ventricular aberrant conduction were noted on the 44 th day. Supraventricular bigeminies still persisted on the 213 th day, however they disappeared after that.
The latter developed interpolated ventricular premature beats at rest for the first time in the 5 th year from the beginning of the study. These premature beats disappeared during exercise and recurred at rest. In the 8 th year ventricular premature beats became to show bigeminies.
These results suggest that the severe exercise could cause various types of arrhythmia for a long period of time after the cessation of exercise even if the term of exercise would be short. On the other hand, the moderate load of exercise could not cause clinically significant arrhythmias inspite of continuous performance for a long term.

For adult rats fed on the following six kinds of diets for about 80 days, intermediate metabolic substrates in serum, liver and skeletal muscle were determined. The components of feeding diet are as follows:
1. STANDARD DIEF : 18% protein, 100 oil & 65% dextrin.
2. HIGH PROTEIN-HIGH FAT DIET: 29% protein, 25% oil & 39% dextrin.
3. LOW PROTEIN-LOW FAT DIET: 9% protein, 2% oil & 82% dextrin.
4. STANDARD DIET modified with choline chloride & vitamin B, C & E.
5. HIGH PROTEIN-HIGH FAT DIET modified with choline chloride & vitamin B, C & E.
6. LOW PROTEIN-LOW FAT DIET modified with choline chloride & vitamin B, C & E. (reference : 1, 2, 3 ; due to National Institute of Nutrition)
As the results increase of body weight was the least 3rd diet group, and by addition of choline chloride (above 4th, 5th & 6th diet groups) it were generally inhibited. Especially the latter phenomenon was remarkably observed in 6th diet group. Although intermediate metabolic substrates in skeletal muscle were no difference from their control levels, triglyceride and cholesterol of liver reduced also in 4th, 5th & 6th diet group, and FFA level of it increased on contrary. The triglycerides of interscapular brown fat and white fat of epididymis reduced in 4th, 5th & 6th diet groups. Furthermore, increase of triglyceride, FFA and cholesterol in serum observed in above 4th, 5th & 6th diet group, which will suggest that they might be removed from brown or white fat and choline chloride might play an important role of lipid-releasing effect from those tissues.