The purpose of the present study is to investigate the influence of muscle cross-sectional area on maximal isometric strength (M. I. S.), and the influence of muscle fiber composition on the ratio of maximal isometric strength to muscle cross-sectional area in the leg extensor muscles.
Muscle biopsies were taken from the right vastus lateralis of 16 healthy untrained males. Cross-sectional area of the leg extensor muscles were measured by ultrasonic measurements. Maximal isometric strength were determined as peak torques using an isokinetic dynamometer.
Significant positive correlation was observed between muscle cross-sectional area and maximal isometric strength (r=0.61, p<0.05) . The ratio of maximal isometric strength to muscle cross-sectional area was 2.6±0.4 Nm/cm² (mean±S. D.) with a wide range of values from 2.0 to 3.3 Nm/cm². No relationship was observed to exist between the ratio of maximal isometric strength to muscle cross-sectional area and muscle fiber composition.
From these results it can be concluded that muscle cross-sectional area plays a more important role in producing a high maximal isometric strength than muscle fiber composition, and that the large variations observed in the ratio of maximal isometric strength to muscle cross-sectional area may be caused by factors other than muscle fiber composition.

Introduction: Recently, doping among athletes has been on the rise, and pharmacists have an important role in both the promotion of anti-doping (AD) and in providing accurate information and effective support. In this study, we examined various fact-finding surveys that targeted physical education university (PEU) students, and we focused on their use of pharmacies/drugstores, their involvement with pharmacists, and knowledge about AD. We also examined the necessary AD-related professional competencies of pharmacists. Method: Questionnaire surveys were prepared, and the responses of 1,249 students were analyzed. Results : From a survey on what students buy at pharmacies/drug stores it showed that medicines for flu common colds sell the most. Most of the students did not receive any drug consultations at pharmacies/drug stores before purchasing, because they preferred to make their own decisions about drug use. Also, many students were wary of doping with supplements. Although the students who participated in international sports competitions and events possessed a wealth of doping-related knowledge and awareness, PEU students lacked them. Discussion : We determined that it was necessary to gather relevant patient information and explore methods so that intentions could be discussed when purchasing medications from pharmacies/drug stores. We also recognized the need for early doping education programs in light of the inadequate AD-related knowledge and awareness among university student-athletes. Therefore, all pharmacists should strive to acquire a wide range of knowledge to support athletes in this effort. Furthermore, we believe that expanding the professional functions of pharmacists would increase the awareness of AD among athletes.