Objective To summarize the basic process to create epidemiological surveillance system. Methods First, make use of the system science, information science, control science and related disciplines as theory, use deductive reasoning to get the basic process of creating epidemiological surveillance system. Then, choose 50 existing epidemiological surveillance system to study, choose the characteristics of epidemiological surveillance system as the fundaction, use inductive reasoning to complete the basic process. Results The basic process of creating the epidemiological surveillance system include: system analysis, set up the logic model of the system, system design, system implementation, system evaluation, system improving. Conclusions Epidemiological surveillance system are indispensable aspects, they should be well integrated in order to ensure the effectiveness of created epidemiological surveillance system.

Objective The effects of AM fungi on the growth of Bupleurum chinense were investigated by inoculation Glomus mosseae, G. caledonium, and the two fungal mixture under different phosphorus levels. Methods Pot culture and experimental analyses were carried out. Results Mycorrhizal infection rate could be promoted by inoculation and increased phosphorus content of plant and root dry weight; the content of chlorophyll, carotenoids, and soluble sugar of leaf was higher than that of controlled plant, and the soluble sugar content of plant root by inoculation the two fungal mixtures were lower than that of controlled plant. The inoculation effect of AM fungi was closed related to AM fungal species and phosphorus applied levels, which was the best under 0.1—0.3 g/kg P_2O_5 soil. Conclusion The growth of host plant and using rate of phosphorus fertilizer can be promoted by inoculation of AM fungi.

Objective To develop a new method for the determination of trace silver in water by flame atomic absorption(FAAS) after cloud point extraction.Methods Diethyldithiophosphate(DDTP) and triton X-114 were respectively used as the chelating agent and surfactant.The effects of experimental conditions such as acidity,concentration of chelating agent,surfactant and methanol,equilibration temperature and time,interference ion on cloud point extraction were investigated.Results Under the optimum condition,0.5 ml of 0.1 mol/L DDTP solution,0.5 ml of 50 g/L Triton X-114 and 5 ml of 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid were added and the volume was made up to 50 ml.The mixture was heated in a thermostatic bath at 40 ℃ for 15 min,the linear range of determination for silver was 0-100 ng/ml,the equation of linear regression was A = 0.005 8cAg+ 0.001 6,r = 0.999.The detection limit was 0.83 ng/ml,the recovery rate was in the range of 97%-105%,and the relative standard deviation was 3.1%(n=11) for 20 ng/ml Ag.There was no significant interference for silver solution containing 5 000 times of K+,Na+,Ca2,Mg2,NO3,SO4 + +-2-and Cl-,1 000 times of Al3+ and Zn2+,500 times of Fe2+ and Mn2+,100 times of Pb2+ and Cu2+.Conclusion The method is rapid,accurate,simple and applicable to the determination of trace silver in water samples.

Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control group (n =16) and fructose group (n =16) fed with 10％ fructose solution.After 4 weeks,the rats of two groups were treated with saline and 50 nmol/kg ghrelin for 6 weeks,respectively (each group n =8).Fasting plasma glucose,insulin,and blood lipid profile were measured.Insulin receptor (Ins-R) mRNA expression in muscle was detected by RT-PCR.The phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) was measured by Western blot.The results showed that insulin level and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in fructose group were higher than those in control group [(13.1±3.6 vs 9.0 ± 1.5) μU/ml,P＜0.05 ;2.78 ± 0.14 vs 1.81± 0.13,P ＜0.01)].After ghrelin treatment,plasma insulin concentration [(9.6 ± 2.5) μU/mL,P＜0.05] and HOMA-IR (1.96 ± 0.12,P＜0.01)significantly decreased,along with increased Ins-R mRNA and IRS-1 phosphorylation in skeletal muscle (P ＜0.01).These results suggest that ghrelin can ameliorate insulin resistance in fructose-fed rats by restoring Ins-R function.

Objective:To clone and express the Der f 7 recombinant protein from Dermatophagoides farinae and prepare the Der f 7 monoclonal antibody.Methods: The Der f 7 recombinant protein was expressed in prokaryotic expression system of pET28a(+)-Der f 7.BALB /c mice were immunized with the recombinant protein.Myeloma cells and spleen cells were fused,and hybridoma cells were screened by ELISA.Hybridoma cells were injected into the mice abdominal cavity to obtain ascites.It was purified by protein A agarose medium ascites,and then to dentified the titer and purity of the antibody.The specificity of the antibody was identified by Western blot.Results: Three hybridoma cells which stably secret recombinant Der f 7 monoclonal antibody were obtained.The monoclonal antibody had high purity,the titer was higher than 1∶243 000.Western blot showed that Der f 7 recombinant protein could be recognized well.Conclusion: We successfully obtained Der f 7 monoclonal antibody,which can be used for the quantification and localization of Der f 7 allergen and the diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases.

Objective To study appliction value of quantitative dynamic contrast enhanced MRI(T1-DCE MRI)in preoperative grading of brain glioma.Methods 80 patients who were pathologically confirmed with a tumor grade (WHO grade Ⅰ 20 cases, grade Ⅱ 20 cases,grade Ⅲ 20 cases and grade Ⅳ 20 cases).All patients were examined with MR enhancements and T1-DCE MRI. The original perfusions imaging datas were analyzed using the GE Omni Kinetic software,which produced the transfer constant (Ktrans )map,the rate constant (Kep )map and fractional volume (Ve )map.Choose ROI and get values of Ktrans ,Kep and Ve .Pearson correlation was carried out to analyze the correlation between values of Ktrans ,Kep ,Ve of different grades of gliomas and pathology classifications.The Ktrans ,Kep and Ve values of the different grade gliomas were statistically analyzed using an ANOVA .Receiver operator characteristics (ROC)curve was used to analyze sensitivity and specificity of permeability parameters.Results The Ktrans ,Kep and Ve values of each levels has a strong correlation with pathological grading (r=0.95 1,0.804,0.766).There was obviously statistically significant difference between different grade groups(P < 0.01 )by Ktrans .Kep values have statistically difference between different grades except grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ.Ve values were different between different grades except grade I andⅡand grade Ⅲ and IV.Accord-ing to ROC curve,Ktrans seemed to be a better parameter for evaluating the tumor grade with the highest sensitivity and specificity. With the cutoff thresholds of Ktrans of 0.1 60,0.420 and 0.935,different grades of glioma can be differentiated with sensitivities of 90%,95%,95% and specificities of 95%,95%,85% respectively.Conclusion Quantitative analysis of microcirculation perfusion status of different grade gliomas by Ktrans values obtained from T1-DCE MRI can assessment the degree of the destruction of the blood brain barrier and evaluate the grade of gliomas more accurately before operation.

The association between fasting plasma ghrelin levels and insulin resistance and blood pressure (BP) in octogenarians was investigated in this study. A total of 487 unrelated octogenarians (including 203 men and 284 women) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study at the Healthy Care Center of Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, China, from October 2008 to April 2009. Plasma ghrelin was determined by using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Insulin sensitivity was assessed using the homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). The age of the participants ranged from 80 to 89 years (mean=83.9+/-4.8 years) with a body mass index (BMI) of 25.3+/-4.9 kg/m(2). Plasma ghrelin levels were 20.94+/-5.34 mug/L, being 20.89+/-5.53 mug/L in men and 21.38+/-3.73 mug/L in women respectively. Plasma ghrelin was not associated with systolic (P=0.981) or diastolic (P=0.724) BP, waist circumference (P=0.278), fasting insulin (P=0.246), fasting blood glucose (FBG) (P=0.693) and HOMA-IR (P=0.232). In the control cohort, no significant differences in plasma ghrelin were found between genders (P=0.489), and among subjects with hypertension (BP>140/90 mmHg) (P=0.284) and type 2 diabetes (P=0.776). In conclusion, fasting plasma ghrelin levels are not directly correlated with insulin resistance and BP among octogenarians.

Objective To study influences of intervention in pregnant women with positive thyroid autoantibodies on the thyroid function of babies. Methods A total of 55 pregnant women were enrolled with positive thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and/or thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) during prenatal checkup. They were randomly divided into two groups: intervening group( n= 36, newborn group A) was treated with levothyroxine ( L-T4 ), and non-intervening group ( n= 19, newborn group B) was not treated. 30 cases of pregnant women with negative thyroid autoantibodies served as a normal population control group (newborn group N). Serum TSH, TPOAb, TgAb, TT3, TT4, FT3 and FT4 were measured by high-sensitive immunochemiluminescent assay ,and urinary iodine was also examined in the pregnant women. Fetal plasma TSH, TT3, TT4, FT3, and FT4 levels were measured after cutting the umbilical cord from placenta, and repeated measurements were made by 3-4 weeks and 8-10 weeks postpartum. Results At baseline, serum TSH levels of the pregnant women in intervening and nonintervening groups were significantly higher than that in control group ( P＜0.05 ). Non-intervening group had higher TSH and lower TT3, TT4, FT4 compared with the other two groups (P＜0. 05 or P＜0.01 ). The cord blood TSH levels of the neonates in both group B [(7.06 ± 1.31 ) mIU/L] and group A [(6.23 ± 1.26 ) mIU/L] were significantly higher than that of group N [(5.48±1. 17) mIU/L, P＜0.01 and 0. 05]. By 3-4 weeks postpartum,the serum TSH level [(3.21±0.70)mIU/L] in group B was significantly higher than those in group N [(2.72±0.51)mIU/L] and group A [(2.78±0.42) mIU/L, all P＜0.05]. The serum TSH level in group B [(2.99±0.57) mIU/L] was still higher than those in group N [(2.48±0.68) mIU/L] by 8 to 10 weeks postpartum (P＜0.05 ). Multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that TSH, TPOAb, and urine iodine levels of mothers were independently related to TSH of their infants. Conclusion When differences in thyroid function exist in pregnant women, these differences also reside in their offspring. The thyroid function in neonates correlates with both the thyroid autoantibodies and thyroid function of their mothers.

Objective:To compare structure and function of mite Der f 3,Der p 3 and Eur m 3.Methods: Obtained mite allergens amino acid sequences from the International Union of Immunological Societies nomenclature database .Then physiochemical characterization,sequence alignment,secondary structure,three dimensional (3D) structure and epitopes of three proteins were analyzed by bioinformatics methods.Results:According to results of alignment ,Der f 3,Der p 3 and Eur m 3 displayed 88.51%sequence iden-tity.Der f 3,Der p 3 and Eur m 3 all contained three active sites and two trypsin functional domains ,which showed high identity of amino acid residues.Active sites of three proteins ,which closing to each other in three dimensional (3D) structure,constituting the active center of the enzyme.Secondary and 3D structure of three proteins all contains α-helices,β-sheets and random coils.Epitopes analysis revealed that Der f 3,Der p 3 and Eur m 3 all have 5 main potential epitopes located in random coils.Epitope sequences of Der f 3,Der p 3 and Eur m 3 overlapping in three domains (peptides of 79-81aa,129-135aa and 172-174aa),but the residues in these three domains were not identical.Conclusion:These studies lay the foundation for biochemical and genetic analysis of these 3 allergens,and may contribute to vaccine development for allergen-specific immunotherapy.