We studied the effects of exercise on the blood fluidity. The subjects were 18 healthy males (21.6±0.8 yr, control : 5, soccer : 9, gymnastics : 4) . We measured the filtration time of whole blood by the Nuclepore filtration method as an index of blood fluidity. The filtration time at rest in the control group, soccer group, and gymnastics group was 59.8±11.9s, 42.5±15.1 s, 28.6±6.7s, respec tively. The filtration time at rest in the soccer group was significantly shorter than that in the control group (p<0.001) . There were no significant differences in filtration time at rest between the control and gymnastics groups, and between the soccer and gymnastics groups. The filtration time after single aerobic exercise was significantly prolonged compared with that before (p<0.001) . The filtration time before and after anaerobic exercise and muscular exercise was not significantly changed. The degree of filtration time prolongation was significantly lower in groups who drank water compared to groups who did not (p<0.001) . The effect of taking a sauna on filtration time was not significant. These results indicates the effect of aerobic exercise on blood fluidity, and the importance of water intake during exercise.

Bovine abortion, diarrhea, and respiratory disease complexes, caused by infectious agents, result in high and significant economic losses for the cattle industry. These pathogens are likely transmitted by various vectors and reservoirs including insects, birds, and rodents. However, experimental data supporting this possibility are scarce. We collected 117 samples and screened them for 44 bovine abortive, diarrheal, and respiratory disease complex pathogens by using Dembo polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which is based on TaqMan real-time PCR. Fifty-seven samples were positive for at least one pathogen, including bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine enterovirus, Salmonella enterica ser. Dublin, Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium, and Neospora caninum; some samples were positive for multiple pathogens. Bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine enterovirus were the most frequently detected pathogens, especially in flies, suggesting an important role of flies in the transmission of these viruses. Additionally, we detected the N. caninum genome from a cockroach sample for the first time. Our data suggest that insects (particularly flies), birds, and rodents are potential vectors and reservoirs of abortion, diarrhea, and respiratory infectious agents, and that they may transmit more than one pathogen at the same time.
Animals ; Birds ; Cattle ; Cockroaches ; Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral ; Diarrhea ; Diptera ; Disease Reservoirs ; Disease Vectors ; Enterovirus ; Enterovirus, Bovine ; Genome ; Insects ; Neospora ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rodentia ; Salmonella enterica ; Virulence Factors