By severe physical training, it is confirmed that the destruction of erythrocytes in a trainee happens within one week from the starting point. This destruction of erythrocytes is characterized by the increase in osmotic fragility of erythrocytes to a hypotonic salt solution.
The purpose of this study is to clarify the mechanisms of the increase in osmotic fragility of erythrocytes. The subjects were divided into two groups, athletes and non-athletes, and they were loaded by a treadmill running during three minutes, with speeds from 200 to 250 meters per minutes.
The osmotic fragility of erythrocytes was determined by the Coil Planet Centrifuge System. The measurement of the lactic acid was made by the end point method and the lipid patterns were analyzed, using a flame ionization detector (thinchrograpy) .
The results obtained are as follows
1) After the exercise, the concentration of blood lactate markedly increased and attained to the level of 90mg/% in average.
2) The osmotic fragility of erythrocytes increased in parallel with the elevation of lactate content in the blood.
3) The osmotic fragility of erythrocytes was significantly related with the lactate content (r=0.52, p<0.001), the regression equation of the lactate content (X) and the osmotic fragility of erythrocytes (Y) was : Y=0.05x+95.1.
4) After the exercise, the contents of free cholesterol and total phospholipid in the red blood cell markedly decreased in comparison with that before exercise.
5) The osmotic fragility of erythrocytes was significantly related to the content of free cholesterol in the red blood cell (r= -0.45, p<0.02) .
In conclusion, lactic acid may contribute to modify the lipid in the red blood cell and to increase the fragility of the erythrocytes.

It was known that physical training caused temporary changes in property of erythrocytes in a trainee.
The purpose of this study is to determine how physical training bring about changes in blood corpuscle on long-distance runners under training for a month. In addition, a comparative study of distribution curves of red blood cell and changes of blood corpuscle was investigated.
The number of long-distance runner was twelve, throughout a regularly training program for a month.
Blood corpuscle (RBC, WBC, Ht, MCV) were count by Coulter Counter, and the hemoglobin content was measured by the Hemoglobinometer. The red cell distribution curves were analyzed, using Coulter Channelyzer.
The results obtained are as follow:
1) After the physical training, the macrocytes were decreased and microcytes were increased. Therefore red cell distribution curves shift to the left.
2) Red blood cell count was not influenced by regular training over a month.
3) MCV became markdly smaller between before and after the training, indicating a significance of p<0.01.
4) The hemoglobin content increased between before and after the training, indicating a significance of p<0.05.
5) It has been confirmed that hemoglobin content and density of a red blood cell was increased by the effect of physical training.

The present paper focuses on the leaking enzyme, PGAM (phosphoglycerate mutase), which is attracting increasing interest among medical researchers, and its relations with physical exercise. As a preliminary, purified PGAM-B was extracted from erythrocyte. First of all, erythrocytes were burst by hypotonic buffer. The contents were let through DEAE-Sepharose column and then through an affinity column bound with PGAM antibody. The purified substance thus obtained is analyzed by SDS-PAGE and has been found only in the single band of approximately 30 kDa. It has been injected to a mouse to develop its antibody. The mouse antibody thus developed and commercial anti r-h-PGAM-B rabbit antibody have been used to in order to perform double antibody sandwich ELISA on PGAM-B. R-h-PGAM-B was used as a standard substance. It has been observed that our standard curve shows a linearity in the range of 0-100ng/100μl, with R²=0.9849. The correla-tion between intensity of physical training and PGAM-B concentration in serum has been analyzed. Non-athlete male students, long distance male and female runners took part in the experiment. The sera of the male runners were found to have 34 times higher PGAM-B concentration than those of the non-athletes. The male runners had 3.6 times higher concentration than those of female runners. Non-athletes ran 10 km and their serum PGAM-B concentration were measured afterwards. It was found that concentration was 3.2 times higher after the run than before it, and this increasing found in all subjects.

Generally, sport players of boxing or football who contact roughly with other players use mouth guard during match or game to prevent the breaking of jow boneor bursting of soft oral cavity. Moreover, mouth-guard are used for the purpose to lighter the load to root of teeth and to improve the skill and power of sport's player.
The purpose of this study was to examine the charactaristic of unfitted by H shape-mouth guard compared to U shape mouth guard.
The following results were obtained.
1. The H shape-mouth guard of this study could reduce the impact to 1/7 level.
2. A relative decrease in ventilation level was shown when H shape mouth guard fitted.
3. With reference to respiratory function, reduction of the amount of oxygen up-take was not observed at heart rate lower than 170 beats/min, and in this case a player feells subjective symptom of stiffing.

We have developed a mouth guard which has revolutionized the shape and material of the conventional mouth piece. The H shape mouth guard has the unique shape like that of an H. Even with the new shape of the mouth piece it does not hinder the performance of the wearer. The following are the fundamental data collected by our group. In this study we examined its influences on leg power, the carry (the distance a golf ball is hit) and the motion of the club head during a tee off.
The results are as follows:
1) By wearing or setting the mouth guard, the variation of leg power, measured with a Sybex II, showed an increase at selected angular verocity. The rate of increase averaged aproximately 15%.
2) The amount of work in anaerodush, an intensive, but short exercise, increased significantly by 1.25 seconds.
3) As for golf, all four of the test subjects joint performance increased their carries by 5.2 to 11.6 yards, using a 1st wood.
4) Also the fluctuation of the head of the club decreased from 7.3 cm to 3.6 cm on average.
Our group have found that the new H shaped mouth guard can absorb shock as well as not hinder the performance of the individual who is wearing it. Thus, the H shape mouth guard can be worn during sports to enhance the participant's performance.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the plasma proteins of physical education athletic and general students (aged 19-22) before their breakfast by two-dimensional electrophoresis.
The results of this study, a protein which has not been found in any original report yet is detcted from physical education athletic students before breakfast.
This protein was not detected from general studenets before breakfast. This protein was detected at the position of pI5.0, molecular weight of about 70, 000 on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophosis under non-denaturing codition, but it showed a molecular weight of about 30, 000 on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
As far as this research is concerned, neither special physical education athletic students and nor general students were observed in changes of two-dimensional electrophoretic patterns of blood cell cytosol and blood cell membrane proteins.

A study was conducted to investigate the changes in human urinary proteins caused by physical exercise. Nine subjects (male middle-distance runners, 19-21 years) were loaded physical exercise with a 10km-run, and quantitative and qualitative changes in urinary proteins were examined using various techniques including polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis and two-dimensional electrophoresis. Total protein concentrations in urine from all subjects before exercise were very low (0.68-2.56mg/dl), but those were increased remarkably after exercise. Few proteins except for albumin were detected in urine before run by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis, however, a few proteins were observed after exercise in addition to a marked increase of albumin. Several proteins which were not observed in serum could also be detected in urine after exercise by two-dimensional electrophoresis under non-denaturing condition. It is considered that two-dimensional electrophoresis is a very powerful technique for analyzing dilute and complicated protein mixture in biological fluids such as urine.