OBJECTIVETo investigate what role IL-11 plays in periodontal disease and to determine the level of IL-11 in HGFs stimulated with IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha.

METHODSHGFs were stimulated with IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha alone or in combination. The production of IL-11 was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IL-11 and Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in HGFs were determined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

RESULTSIL-1alpha significantly increased the levels of IL-11 in HGFs. TNF-alpha also significantly augmented IL-11 production in HGFs, and synergistically stimulated HGFs to produce IL-11 when combined with IL-1alpha. Indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, significantly reduced IL-11 production by HGFs stimulated with IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha individually or in combination. IL-1alpha alone or combined with TNF-alpha enhanced the ratio of IL-11/GAPDH mRNA expression in HGFs, and the augmentation was abolished by indomethacin after co-incubation for 24 hs.

CONCLUSIONSProduction of IL-11 in HGFs stimulated with IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha was transcriptionally upregulated by the endogenous prostaglandin synthesis. Inhibition of prostaglandin might suppress the osteoclastogenesis by IL-11 in inflammatory periodontal diseases.

Cells, Cultured ; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Fibroblasts ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Gingiva ; cytology ; metabolism ; Humans ; Indomethacin ; pharmacology ; Interleukin-11 ; biosynthesis ; Interleukin-1alpha ; pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger ; biosynthesis ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; pharmacology

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, approximately 2% of new cancers are of the brain. Five-year survival rates among brain cancer patients have been reported as a little over a third. Differences in clinical outcomes between brain tumor patients of different races remain poorly understood. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed on brain tumor resection patients≥18 years old. Demographics, treatment variables, and survival outcomes were collected. Primary outcomes were length of stay, recurrence rate, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: A total of 452 patients were included in analysis. Females and males had nearly a 1:1 ratio (n=242 and n=220, respectively). Mean age was 54.8 years (SD: 14.5 range: 18–90). Females composed 69% (n=48) of Asian patients; males constituted 31% (n=22). Mean age of the Asian patients was 55.9 years (SD: 14.6 range: 26–89). Asian-only cohort tumor pathologies included glioblastoma (GBM) (n=14), high-grade glioma (n=7), low-grade glioma (n=4), meningioma (n=38), and metastases (n=7). Of the 185 meningioma patients, non-Asian patients comprised 79% of the group (n=146). Of the 65 GBM patients in total, non-Asian patients made up 89% of the GBM cohort (n=58). There were no statistically significant differences between these groups of both cohorts in recurrence (p=0.1580 and p=0.6294, respectively), PFS (p=0.9662 and p=0.4048, respectively), or OS (p=0.3711 and p=0.8183, respectively). CONCLUSION: Studies evaluating the survival between patients of different racial backgrounds against several tumor varieties are rare. Patients of certain racial backgrounds may need additional consideration when being attended to despite the same mutational composition as their counterparts. Repeated studies using national databases may yield more conclusive results.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; Biomarkers ; Brain Neoplasms* ; Brain* ; Cohort Studies ; Continental Population Groups ; Demography ; Disease-Free Survival ; Female ; Glioblastoma ; Glioma ; Humans ; Length of Stay ; Male ; Meningioma ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Pathology ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate