OBJECTIVETo separate essential oil of Caryophyllix flos from oil-in-water emulsion, and to enrich the essential oil by microfiltration (MF).

METHODUsing membrane flux and removal rate of COD as the indicatrixes, the membrane material as well as the operating conditions containing pressure, surface speed, temperature were optimized.

RESULTThe results showed that QWLM membrane of hydrophilic is the proper membrane, and the best operating conditions was at 0.06 MPa, 60 degrees C, and 150 r min(-1) stir speed.

CONCLUSIONIt can be concluded that MF is a reasonable way to enrich essential oil of C. flox.

Emulsions ; chemistry ; Filtration ; instrumentation ; methods ; Membranes, Artificial ; Oils, Volatile ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Plant Oils ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Syzygium ; chemistry

Wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) has received growing research interest for its high nutritional and medicinal value due to its constituents such as polysaccharide, organic acids, flavonoids, minerals, and other substances. In this study, wax apple polysaccharide (WAP) was isolated from this plant and its protective effect against ethyl carbamate (EC)‍-induced oxidative damage was evaluated in human hepatocytes (L02 cells). Firstly, a series of analyses such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were conducted to identify the structure of WAP. Thereafter, in vitro cell experiments were performed to verify the protective effects of WAP against EC-induced cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and oxidative damage in L02 cells. Our results revealed that WAP is composed of mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, arabinose, and fucose in a molar ratio of 2.20:‍3.94:‍4.45:‍8.56:‍8.86:‍30.82:‍39.78:‍1.48. Using a combination of methylation and NMR spectroscopic analysis, the primary structure of WAP was identified as Araf-(1→, Glcp-(1→, →2)‍-Araf-(1→, →3)‍-Galp-(1→, →3)‍-Araf-‍(1→, and →6)‍-Galp-‍(1→. Cell experiments indicated that WAP exhibited significant protective effects on EC-treated L02 cells via suppressing cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and O₂^•- formation, as well as improving mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and glutathione (GSH). In a nutshell, WAP has the potential as an important therapeutic agent or supplement for hepatic oxidative damage. Meanwhile, further studies are needed to prove the above effects in vivo at the biological and clinical levels.
Humans ; Syzygium/chemistry* ; Urethane/pharmacology* ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Oxidative Stress ; Glutathione/pharmacology* ; Hepatocytes ; Polysaccharides/pharmacology*

The membrane enrichment process of traditional Chinese medicine volatile oil is environmental friendly and practical, with a good application prospect. In this article, oil-bearing solutions of eight traditional Chinese medicines, namely Caryophylli Flos, Schizonepetae Herba, Eupatorii Herb, Acori Talarinowii Rhizoma, Magnoliae Flos, Chrysanthemum indicum, Cyperi Rhizoma and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium Viride, were taken as the experimental system. Under unified conditions (membrane: PVDF-14W, temperature: 40 degreeC, pressure: 0. 1 MPa, membrane surface speed: 150 r min- 1), trans-membrane was conducted for above eight oil-bearing solutions to explore the effect of their oil-bearing solution environment on system flux and oil recovery rate. The results showed that systems with smaller pH had a lower flux, without significant effect on oil recovery rate. Greater differences between the surface tension of solutions and that of pure water contributed to a lower oil recovery rate. The conductivity had no notable effect on membrane enrichment process. Systems with high turbidity had a lower flux, without remarkable effect on oil recovery rat. Heavy oils showed lower flux than light ones, but with a slightly higher oil recovery rat. Systems with higher viscosity had a lower flux than those with lower viscosity. Except for Magnoliae Flos volatile oil, all of the remaining volatile oils showed a much higher oil recovery rat than systems with high viscosity. The above results could provide data support and theoretical basis for the industrialization of membrane enrichment volatile oil technology.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; Plant Oils ; chemistry ; Syzygium ; chemistry ; Temperature

OBJECTIVETo investigate the acaricidal activity of different extracts from Syzygium cumini (S. cumini) (Pomposia) againsst Tetranychus urticae Koch (T. urticae) and the biochemical changes in antioxidants enzymes.

METHODSSix extracts of S. cumini (Pomposia) at concentrations of 75, 150 and 300µg/mL were used to control T. urticae (Koch).

RESULTSThe ethanol extract showed the most efficient acaricidal activity agent against T. urticae (98.5%) followed by hexane extract (94.0%), ether and ethyl acetate extract (90.0%). The LC50 values of the promising extract were 85.0, 101.0, 102.0 and 98.0µg/mL, respectively. The activities of enzymes including ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in susceptible mites were increased. The activities of all antioxidant enzymes reach the maximum value in mites at LC50 with ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSThe extract of S. cumini has acaricidal acivity against T. urticae, and the ethanol extract is the most efficient.

Acaricides ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Ethanol ; Oxidoreductases ; metabolism ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Syzygium ; chemistry ; Tetranychidae ; drug effects ; enzymology

Cleistocalycis Operculati Cortex is the dry bark of Cleistocalyx operculatus. It is the raw material of Compound Hibiscuse which is external sterilization antipruritic drugs. The quality standard of Cleistocalycis Operculati Cortex in Guangdong Province "standard for the traditional Chinese medicine" (second volumes) only contains TLC identification. It is unable to effectively monitor and control the quality of Cleistocalycis Operculati Cortex. A reversed-phase HPLC method was established for the determination of 3, 3'-O-dimethylellagic acid from Cleistocalycis Operculati Cortex and the content was calculated by external standard method for the first time. Under the selected chromatographic conditions, the target components between peaks to achieve effective separation. 3,3'-O- dimethylellagic acid standard solution at the concentration of 1.00 - 25.0 mg x L(-1) showed a good linear relationship. The standard curve was Y = 77.33X + 7.904, r = 0.999 5. The average recovery was 101.0%, RSD was 1.3%. The HPLC method for the determination of 3,3'-O-dimethylellagic acid in Cleistocalycis Operculati Cortex is accurate and reliable. It can provide a strong technical support for monitoring the quality of Cleistocalycis Operculati Cortex.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Chromatography, Reverse-Phase ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Plant Bark ; chemistry ; Syzygium ; chemistry

In the present study, antioxidant activities of the fruits of A. heterophyllus, A. squamosa, T. bellirica, S. samarangense, A. carambola and O. europa were investigated. For this, at first matured fruits of them were sliced into small pieces and dried in the sun and finally crushed in a grinder to make powder. Ethanolic extracts of fruit powder were prepared using 99.99% ethanol. The antioxidative activities of these extracts were determined according to their abilities of scavenging 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. It was demonstrated that all the ethanolic extracts of A. heterophyllus, A. squamosa, T. bellirica, S. samarangense, A. caranbola and O. europa showed antioxidant activities. The IC50 of the ethanolic extracts of A. heterophyllus, A. squamosa, T. bellirica, S. samarangense, A. carambola and O. europa were 410, 250, 34, 200, 30 and 76 microg/mL, respectively. Among them, A. carambola showed the highest antioxidant activities followed by T. bellirica, O. europa, S. samarangense, A. squamosa and A. heterophyllus indicating that fruits of A. carambola, T. bellirica and O. europa are very beneficial to human health.
Annona ; chemistry ; Antioxidants ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Artocarpus ; chemistry ; Biphenyl Compounds ; chemistry ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Ethanol ; chemistry ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Magnoliopsida ; chemistry ; Olea ; chemistry ; Oxidation-Reduction ; drug effects ; Picrates ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet ; Syzygium ; chemistry ; Terminalia ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo establish the method for quality control of Xingnao tinctures.

METHODThe Mentholum, Flos Caryophylli and Borneoum Syntheticum in this medicine were identified by TLC method. The content of Mentholum was determined by GC. Conditions of GC were: With Naphthalene as an internal standard, packed glass column, Shimadzu 7G 2.1 mm x 3.2 m, carrier gas N2, flow rate 50 mL.min-1, column temperature. 145 degrees C, ingector and detector temperature. 180 degrees C, injection way of splitless and injection volume 3 microL.

RESULTThe spots on TLC plates were clear, with no interference in the blank reference. The precision and repeatability of GC were are good respectively. The average recovery was 98.4%, RSD = 0.94%.

CONCLUSIONThis method was fast, simple, accurate and suitable for quality control of Xingnao tinctures.

Bornanes ; chemistry ; Chromatography, Gas ; Chromatography, Thin Layer ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Flowers ; chemistry ; Materia Medica ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Menthol ; analysis ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Quality Control ; Syzygium ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo screen and optimize the extraction of Dingxiangjiangqi granules.

METHODThe extraction route was screened by using pharmacodynamic experiment and the extraction conditions were optimized by orthogonal design and taking extract yield, content of naringin and tetrahydropalmatine as indexes.

RESULTThe pharmacodynamic result showed that aqueous extract had the best effect to cure the esophagitis of rats and the optimized extraction technique was adding 12 times water, extracting 0. 5 hour for 3 times.

CONCLUSIONThe optimum extraction was simple, reasonable, stable and useful for further development.

Animals ; Berberine Alkaloids ; analysis ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Esophagitis, Peptic ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Esophagus ; drug effects ; pathology ; Flavanones ; analysis ; Male ; Phytotherapy ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Syzygium ; chemistry ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods

OBJECTIVETo investigate and compare the inhibitory properties of free and bound phenolic extracts of clove bud against carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes (alpha-amylase & alpha-glucosidase) and Fe(2+)-induced lipid peroxidation in rat pancreas in vitro.

METHODSThe free phenolics were extracted with 80% (v/v) acetone, while bound phenolics were extracted from the alkaline and acid hydrolyzed residue with ethyl acetate. Then, the interaction of the extracts with alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase was subsequently assessed. Thereafter, the total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined.

RESULTSThe result revealed that both extracts inhibited alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase in a dose-dependent manner. However, the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the extracts were significantly (P<0.05) higher than their alpha-amylase inhibitory activity. The free phenolics (31.67 mg/g) and flavonoid (17.28 mg/g) contents were significantly (P<0.05) higher than bound phenolic (23.52 mg/g) and flavonoid (13.70 mg/g) contents. Both extracts also exhibited high antioxidant activities as typified by their high reducing power, 1,1 diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS) radical scavenging abilities, as well as inhibition of Fe(2+)-induced lipid peroxidation in rat pancreas in vitro.

CONCLUSIONSThis study provides a biochemical rationale by which clove elicits therapeutic effect on type 2 diabetes.

Animals ; Antioxidants ; chemistry ; Carbohydrate Metabolism ; drug effects ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Ferrous Compounds ; pharmacology ; Flavonoids ; chemistry ; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; Lipid Peroxidation ; drug effects ; Pancreas ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Phenols ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Polyphenols ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Syzygium ; chemistry ; alpha-Amylases ; antagonists & inhibitors ; alpha-Glucosidases

OBJECTIVETo study the in-vitro inducing apoptosis mechanism of human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells by 2',4'-di- hydroxy-6'-methoxy-3',5'-dimethylchalcone (DMC), a chalcone compound from Cleistocalyx operculatus.

METHODQuantitative DNA fragmentation assay was carried out to detect the effect of DMC of different concentrations on SMMC-7721 cells, according to the method of Sellins and Cohen with some modifications. Telomerase activities of the cells were determined by PCR-ELISA methods. The expression quantity of c-myc and hTERT mRNA were determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR The effect of DMC on expression levels of cmyc and hTERT protein were measured by western blot.

RESULTThe percentage of DNA fragmentation increased with notable concen- tration dependence, after treatment with DMC for 48 h. Compared with that of control group, the telomerase activity of the cells de- creased by (66.2 ± 2.1)% after 48 h treatment with 20 μmol x L(-1) DMC, the mRNA expression of c-myc and hTERT decreased by (67.3 ± 2.1)% and (64.4 ± 2.3)%, respectively, and the protein expression of c-myc and hTERT decreased by (69.6 ± 1.9)% and (71.3 ± 2.4)%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONDMC can induce SMMC-7721 cell apoptosis and the apoptosis mechanism may be related to the decreased mRNA and protein expression of c-myc and hTERT.

Antineoplastic Agents ; pharmacology ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; pathology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Chalcones ; pharmacology ; DNA Fragmentation ; drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; pathology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc ; genetics ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Syzygium ; chemistry ; Telomerase ; genetics ; metabolism