Cholinesterases ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ; enzymology ; pathology

BACKGROUNDSome studies found that cholinesterase (ChE) can be an independent risk factor for patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. To assess aged patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) early and predict their prognosis, the predictive value of ChE for the prognosis of aged patients with SIRS was analyzed.

METHODSFrom September 2009 to September 2010, all aged patients with SIRS in the ICU of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine were retrospectively analyzed if they met inclusion criteria: patients aged ≥ 65 years and met American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference criteria for SIRS. Serum ChE, albumin, D-dimer, lactic acid and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured, and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores were evaluated within the first 24 hours in the ICU. Fisher's exact test was used for comparison of the primary disease between the deceased group and surviving group. For comparison of study variables between the two groups, the Student's t test or Mann-Whitney U test was used. Multivariate significance was tested with binary Logistic regression analysis.

RESULTSThe clinical data of 124 aged patients with SIRS were collected and analyzed. Sixty-six patients (46 male, 20 female, mean age (78.70 ± 8.08) years) who died were included in the deceased group and 58 patients (34 male, 24 female, mean age (76.02 ± 6.57) years) who survived were included in the surviving group. There were no significant differences in age, gender, APACHE II score and GCS score between the deceased group and surviving group (all P > 0.05), but there were significant differences in lactic acid (P = 0.011), D-dimer (P = 0.011), albumin (P = 0.007), CRP (P = 0.008), and ChE (P < 0.0001). The correlation analysis showed that the APACHE II score and CRP were not correlated with ChE (both P < 0.05). D-dimer and albumin were correlated with ChE (Spearman's rho correlation coefficients were -0.206 and 0.324, the corresponding P values were 0.022 and < 0.0001). Multiple Logistic regression analysis showed that age, gender, lactic acid, D-dimer, albumin, CRP, APACHE II score, and GCS score were not independent risk factors for prognosis of aged patients with SIRS, but that ChE was (P < 0.0001). The receiver operating characteristic curve of ChE had an area under the curve of 0.797 (standard error = 0.04; P < 0.0001), and a ChE of 103.00 U/L was the cut-off value with sensitivity = 0.793, specificity = 0.742.

CONCLUSIONSerum ChE might be a predictive marker for the prognosis of aged patients with SIRS, with low serum ChE levels indicating poor prognosis.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cholinesterases ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Prognosis ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ; blood ; enzymology ; pathology

PURPOSE: Due to the seroepidemiological shift in hepatitis A (HA), its severity, mortality, and complications have increased in recent years. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify predictive factors associated with poor prognosis among patients with HA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 304 patients with HA admitted to our institution between July 2009 and June 2011 were enrolled consecutively. Patients with complications defined as acute liver failure (ALF) were evaluated, and mortality was defined as death or liver transplantation. RESULTS: The mean age of patients (204 males, 100 females) was 32 years. Eighteen (5.9%) patients had progressed to ALF. Of the patients with ALF, 10 patients (3.3%) showed spontaneous survival while 8 (2.6%) died or underwent liver transplantation. Multivariate regression analysis showed that Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) scores were significant predictive factors of ALF. Based on receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis, a MELD > or =23.5 was significantly more predictive than a SIRS score > or =3 (area under the ROC: 0.940 vs. 0.742, respectively). In addition, of patients with a MELD score > or =23.5, King's College Hospital criteria (KCC) and SIRS scores were predictive factors associated with death/transplantation in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: MELD and SIRS scores > or =23.5 and > or =3, respectively, appeared to be related to ALF development. In addition, KCC and SIRS scores > or =3 were valuable in predicting mortality of patients with a MELD > or =23.5.
Adult ; Female ; Hepatitis A/*complications ; Humans ; Liver Failure, Acute/*etiology/*mortality/pathology ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Prognosis ; Prospective Studies ; ROC Curve ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/complications

OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of Shenfu Injection (SFI) in rats with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).

METHODSThe SIRS rat model was induced by the intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Forty-five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, the sham operative control group (control group, n=5), the SIRS model group (model group, n=20) and the SFI treatment group (SFI group, n=20). LPS was injected through the external jugular vein (12 mg/kg, 6 mg/mL) to all rats except for those in the control group, and SFI (10 mL/kg) was given to those in the SF group only once through intraperitoneal injection, while the normal saline (10 mL/kg) was given to those in the model group. For those in the control group, normal saline was given through the external jugular vein (2 mL/kg) and intraperitoneal injection (10 mL/kg). Then, rats in the model group and SFI group were divided into 4 subgroups according to the time points, i.e., 1 h, 2 h, 4 h and 6 h subgroups, 5 rats in each group. The activity of nuclear factor of kappa B (NF-kappa B) of in blood mononuclear cells and the plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 6-(IL-6) were determined using enzyme-linked immunoabsordent assay (ELISA) at 1 h, 2 h, 4 h and 6 h after modeling. Histopathologic changes of the lung and liver were observed under a light microscope.

RESULTSCompared with the control group, the activity of NF-kappa B in mononuclear cells and the plasma level of TNF-alpha were obviously increased at each time points (all P<0.01), reaching the peaks at 2 h after modeling. The plasma level of IL-6 increased gradually as time went by in the model group (P<0.01). Pathological examination showed pulmonary alveoli hemorrhage, edema and inflammatory cell infiltration in the lung tissue, and angiotelectasis, congestion, and local necrosis in the liver tissue in the model group. Compared with the model group, the activity of NF-kappa B and the levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in plasma decreased significantly in the SFI group (P<0.01), and the pathological injury in the lungs and liver was significantly alleviated.

CONCLUSIONSFI plays a protective role by inhibiting the activity of NF-kappaB, and reducing the expressions of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in SIRS rats.

Aconitum ; Animals ; Injections ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; Liver ; pathology ; Lung ; pathology ; Male ; NF-kappa B ; metabolism ; Panax ; Plant Extracts ; therapeutic use ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ; blood ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; blood

OBJECTIVETo establish a model of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in rats.

METHODSSD rats were intraperitoneally injected with different concentrations of zymosan suspension. The general status, temperature, white cell count, tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and the pathological changes of main organs were examined.

RESULTSThe conditions of rats receiving zymosan doses of 750 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg were consistent with the criteria of SIRS model; however, the mortality of 1000 mg/kg group was higher than that of 750 mg/kg group.

CONCLUSIONThe rat model of systemic inflammatory response syndrome has been successfully induced.

Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Interleukin-10 ; blood ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; Male ; Paraffin ; toxicity ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ; blood ; chemically induced ; pathology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; blood ; Viscera ; pathology ; Zymosan ; toxicity

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of complications related to diverticulitis and visceral obesity. The study was based on a retrospective case note review conducted at the Hanyang University Hospital. Patients were diagnosed with diverticulitis based on clinical symptoms and abdominal computed tomography (CT) findings and divided into two groups: those admitted with complicated diverticulitis and those with a simple diverticulitis episode. We compared the body mass index (BMI) and degree of visceral obesity, measured by abdominal CT. The study included 140 patients, 87 (62.1%) were simple diverticulitis and 53 (37.9%) were complicated diverticulitis. In the complicated diverticulitis group, 9 (6.4%) cases were recurrent, 29 (20.7%) were perforation or abscess patients, and 28 (20%) were patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Of the SIRS patients, 13 were involved in other complication groups. When comparing in the two groups, the complicated diverticulitis group had a significantly higher visceral fat area (128.57 cm2 vs 102.80 cm2, P = 0.032) and a higher ratio of visceral fat area/subcutaneous fat area (0.997 vs 0.799, P = 0.014). Visceral obesity is significantly associated with complications of diverticulitis.
Adipose Tissue ; Adult ; Aged ; Body Composition ; Body Mass Index ; Diverticulitis/*complications/pathology ; Female ; Humans ; *Intra-Abdominal Fat ; Lipids/*blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Obesity, Abdominal/*complications ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) is being increasingly reported in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) with worsened outcomes. The present study was undertaken to evaluate intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) as a marker of severity in the entire spectrum of acute pancreatitis and to ascertain the relationship between IAP and development of complications in patients with SAP. METHODS: IAP was measured via the transvesical route by measurements performed at admission, once after controlling pain and then every 4 hours. Data were collected on the length of the hospital stay, the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), multiorgan failure, the extent of necrosis, the presence of infection, pleural effusion, and mortality. RESULTS: In total, 40 patients were enrolled and followed up for 30 days. The development of IAH was exclusively associated with SAP with an APACHE II score > or =8 and/or persistent SIRS, identifying all patients who were going to develop abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS). The presence of ACS was associated with a significantly increased extent of pancreatic necrosis, multiple organ failure, and mortality. The mean admission IAP value did not differ significantly from the value obtained after pain control or the maximum IAP measured in the first 5 days. CONCLUSIONS: IAH is reliable marker of severe disease, and patients who manifest organ failure, persistent SIRS, or an Acute Physiology and Chronic health Evaluation II score > or =8 should be offered IAP surveillance. Severe pancreatitis is not a homogenous entity.
APACHE ; Acute Disease ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Intra-Abdominal Hypertension/*etiology ; Length of Stay ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Organ Failure/etiology ; Necrosis/etiology ; Pancreas/*pathology ; Pancreatitis/*complications/mortality/physiopathology ; Pleural Effusion/etiology ; Prospective Studies ; Severity of Illness Index ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/etiology

OBJECTIVEGlutamine (Gln) is now considered as conditionally essential amino acid with many biological activities. This study aimed to investigate whether it has protective effects on the intestinal mucosal barrier in young rabbits under hemorrhagic shock.

METHODSEighteen young rabbits aged 26 +/- 3 days were randomly assigned into 3 groups: Control (no treatment), Low-dose Gln (L-Gln, 0.5 g/kg daily) and High-dose Gln (H-Gln, 1.0 g/kg daily) treatment groups. Gln was administered by gastric tube daily for 7 days and then hemorrhagic shock was induced by blood withdrawing from femoral artery. Plasma levels of diamine oxidase (DAO) and serum levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8) were measured before shock, and at 2, 6 and 24 hrs after resuscitation. Ileum tissues located approximately 5 cm away from the ileocecal valve was removed for histological examination, lymphocyte distribution, polymorphonuclear (PMN) count and assessing the height, width and surface area of the villi.

RESULTSPlasma levels of DAO and serum levels of IL-8 at 6 and 24 hrs after resuscitation in the L-Gln and the H-Gln groups decreased significantly compared with those of the Control group. L-Gln and H-Gln also resulted in a decrease in the PMN counts and the lymphocyte percentage in the ileum compared with the Control group. Exfoliation and atrophy of villous epithelial cells occurred and the height and surface area of villous were reduced in the Control group. The ileum morphology of the two Gln treatment groups was found to be nearly normal. There were no differences between the L-Gln and the H-Gln groups.

CONCLUSIONSGln within a therapeutic dose has protective effects on intestinal mucosal barrier in young rabbits under hemorrhagic shock.

Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing) ; blood ; Animals ; Bacterial Translocation ; drug effects ; Female ; Glutamine ; therapeutic use ; Interleukin-8 ; blood ; Intestinal Mucosa ; drug effects ; immunology ; pathology ; Male ; Rabbits ; Shock, Hemorrhagic ; complications ; drug therapy ; immunology ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ; prevention & control

BACKGROUNDPercutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) could develop periprocedural myocardial infarction and inflammatory response and statins can modify inflammatory responses property. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether short-term high-dose atorvastatin therapy can reduce inflammatory response and myocardial ischemic injury elicited by PCI.

METHODSFrom March 2012 to May 2014, one hundred and sixty-five statin-naive patients with unstable angina referred for PCI at Department of Cardiology of the 306th Hospital, were enrolled and randomized to 7-day pretreatment with atorvastatin 80 mg/d as high dose group (HD group, n = 56) or 20 mg/d as normal dose group (ND group, n = 57) or an additional single high loading dose (80 mg) followed 6-day atorvastatin 20 mg/d as loading dose group (LD group, n = 52). Plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were determined before intervention and at 5 minutes, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, and 7 days after intervention. Creatine kinase-myocardial isoenzyme (CK-MB) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) were measured at baseline and then 24 hours following PCI.

RESULTSPlasma CRP and IL-6 levels increased from baseline after PCI in all groups. CRP reached a maximum at 48 hours and IL-6 level reached a maximum at 24 hours after PCI. Plasma CRP levels at 24 hours after PCI were significantly lower in the HD group ((9.14±3.02) mg/L) than in the LD group ((11.06±3.06) mg/L) and ND group ((12.36±3.08) mg/L, P < 0.01); this effect persisted for 72 hours. IL-6 levels at 24 hours and 48 hours showed a statistically significant decrease in the HD group ((16.19±5.39) ng/L and (14.26±4.12) ng/L, respectively)) than in the LD group ((19.26±6.34) ng/L and (16.03±4.08) ng/L, respectively, both P < 0.05) and ND group ((22.24±6.98) ng/L and (17.24±4.84) ng/L, respectively). IL-6 levels at 72 hours and 7 days showed no statistically significant difference among the study groups. Although PCI caused a significant increase in CK-MB and cTnI at 24 hours after the procedure in all groups, the elevated CK-MB and cTnI values were lower in the HD group ((4.71±4.34) ng/ml and (0.086±0.081) ng/ml, respectively) than in the ND group ((7.24±6.03) ng/ml and (0.138±0.103) ng/ml, respectively, both P < 0.01) and LD group ((6.80±5.53) ng/ml and (0.126±0.101) ng/ml, respectively, both P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONShort-term high-dose atorvastatin treatment before PCI significantly reduced systemic inflammatory response and myocardial ischemic injury elicited by PCI.

Aged ; Angina, Unstable ; therapy ; Atorvastatin Calcium ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; drug therapy ; Myocardium ; pathology ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ; drug therapy ; Treatment Outcome

Sepsis-induced uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a critical cause of multiple organ failure. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most serious complications associated with an extremely high mortality rate in SIRS, and it lacked simple, safe, and effective treatment strategies. Leontopodium leontopodioides (Willd.) Beauv (LLB) is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of acute and chronic nephritis. However, it remains unclear whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) affects LPS-induced AKI. To identify the molecular mechanisms of LLB in LPS-induced HK-2 cells and mice, LLB was prepared by extraction with 70% methanol, while a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced HK-2 cell model and an AKI model were established in this study. Renal histopathology staining was performed to observe the morphology changes. The cell supernatant and kidney tissues were collected for determining the levels of inflammatory factors and protein expression by ELISA, immunofluorescence, and Western blot. The results indicated that LLB significantly reduced the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in LPS-induced HK-2 cells, as well as the secretion of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in the supernatant. The same results were observed in LPS-induced AKI serum. Further studies revealed that LLB remarkably improved oxidative stress and apoptosis based on the content of MDA, SOD, and CAT in serum and TUNEL staining results. Notably, LLB significantly reduced the mortality due to LPS infection. Renal histopathology staining results supported these results. Furthermore, immunofluorescence and Western blot results confirmed that LLB significantly reduced the expression of the protein related to the NF-κB signaling pathway and NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1 which were significantly increased through LPS stimulation. These findings clearly demonstrated the potential use of LLB in the treatment of AKI and the crucial role of the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway in the process through which LLB attenuates AKI induced by LPS.
Animals ; Mice ; NF-kappa B/metabolism* ; Lipopolysaccharides/adverse effects* ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism* ; Interleukin-6/metabolism* ; Acute Kidney Injury/metabolism* ; Kidney ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/pathology*