Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Hyaluronic Acid ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 ; blood ; metabolism ; Middle Aged ; Osteoarthritis ; drug therapy ; enzymology ; Synovial Fluid ; drug effects ; enzymology

OBJECTIVETo observe the influence of intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate (SH) on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the synovium and nitric oxide (NO) content in synovial fluid of rabbits with traumatic osteoarthritis (OA).

METHODSSixteen white rabbits underwent unilateral anterior cruciate ligament transection and were randomly divided into 2 groups 5 weeks after the operation. Rabbits in the experimental group received intra-articular injection of 0.3 ml of 1% SH, once a week for 5 weeks. Animals in the control group were treated under the same conditions using physiological saline. All the animals were sacrificed at the 10th week after surgery. The mRNA expression of iNOS in the synovium was analyzed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The content of NO in the synovial fluid was assayed.

RESULTSThe level of iNOS expression of the synovium in the experimental group was lower than that in control group (0.47+/-0.09 vs. 0.65+/-0.12, t equal to 3.45, P less than 0.01). Compared with control group, the content of NO decreased significantly in synovial fluid of SH injection group (134.11 micromolar/L +/- 12.47 micromolar/L vs. 152.17 micromolar/L +/- 15.69 micromolar/L, t equal to 2.55, P less than 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSSH significantly decreases the content of NO in the synovial fluid of rabbits with traumatic OA. SH may exert the effect on synovial fluid NO level as a result of the suppression of iNOS expression in the synovium. It may be one of the mechanisms of the therapeutic effect of SH on early traumatic OA.

Animals ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries ; Hyaluronic Acid ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Nitric Oxide ; analysis ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ; analysis ; Osteoarthritis ; drug therapy ; etiology ; metabolism ; Rabbits ; Random Allocation ; Synovial Fluid ; chemistry ; Synovial Membrane ; enzymology

Oxidative stress such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the inflamed joint have been indicated as being involved as inflammatory mediators in the induction of arthritis. Correlations between extracellular-superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) and inflammatory arthritis have been shown in several animal models of RA. However, there is a question whether the over-expression of EC-SOD on arthritic joint also could suppress the progression of disease or not. In the present study, the effect on the synovial tissue of experimental arthritis was investigated using EC-SOD over-expressing transgenic mice. The over-expression of EC-SOD in joint tissue was confirmed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The degree of the inflammation in EC-SOD transgenic mice was suppressed in the collagen-induced arthritis model. In a cytokine assay, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as, IL-1beta, TNFalpha, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) was decreased in fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) but not in peripheral blood. Histological examination also showed repressed cartilage destruction and bone in EC-SOD transgenic mice. In conclusion, these data suggest that the over-expression of EC-SOD in FLS contributes to the activation of FLS and protection from joint destruction by depressing the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and MMPs. These results provide EC-SOD transgenic mice with a useful animal model for inflammatory arthritis research.
Animals ; Arthritis, Experimental/blood/*enzymology/metabolism ; *Arthritis, Rheumatoid/enzymology/pathology ; Fibroblasts/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Inflammation/pathology ; Interleukin-1beta/blood/metabolism ; Joints/enzymology/pathology ; Matrix Metalloproteinases/blood/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; *Superoxide Dismutase/genetics/metabolism ; Synovial Fluid/*enzymology ; Synovial Membrane/pathology

OBJECTIVETo study the clinical effificacy of electroacupuncture (EA) on treating knee osteoarthritis (KOA) of Shen ()-Sui () insuffificiency (SSI) syndrome type.

METHODSA total of 245 patients (279 knees) of KOA-SSI were randomly assigned to two groups by lottery: 141 knees in the treatment group and 138 knees in the control group. The treatment group was managed with EA at the dominant points of Neixiyan (Ex-LE4) and Waixiyan (Ex-LE5) as well as the conjugate points of Xuanzhong (GB39) and Taixi (KI3) for 30 min, once a day, with 15 days as one course; 2 courses were applied with a 5-day interval in between. The control group was treated with intra-articular injection of 2 mL hyaluronic acid into the affected joint every 7 days for 5 times in total. The clinical effects on the patients in different stages were observed, and their symptom scores of knee and contents of cytokines, including interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), prostaglandin E(2alpha) (PGE(2alpha)) and matrix metalloproteinases-3 (MMP-3), in the knee joint fluid were measured before and after treatment.

RESULTSThe study was completed in 235 patients (263 knees); four patients (7 knees) in the treatment group and six patients (9 knees) in the control group dropped out. Comparison of therapeutic effects (excellent and effective rates) between the two groups showed insignificant differences (P>0.05). Symptom scores of knee and contents of cytokines in the knee flfluid after treatment were lowered signifificantly in the patients of stage I-III in both groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01). However, the lowering of the total symptom score of knee in the patients of stage III in the treatment group was more signifificant (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSEA could effectively alleviate the clinical symptoms in KOA patients of stage III, showing an effect superior to that of hyaluronic acid. EA also shows action in suppressing the secretion of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, PGE(2alpha) and MMP-3 in the knee flfluid.

Aged ; Cytokines ; metabolism ; Electroacupuncture ; adverse effects ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 ; metabolism ; Middle Aged ; Osteoarthritis, Knee ; diagnostic imaging ; enzymology ; therapy ; Radiography ; Syndrome ; Synovial Fluid ; enzymology ; Treatment Outcome

Activation of caspase-1 by NALP3 inflammasomes has been shown to be important in initiating acute gouty arthritis. The objectives of this study were to measure the levels of caspase-1 in synovial fluid in gout and various arthritides, and to elucidate the clinical significance of caspase-1 levels in synovial fluid. Caspase-1, IL-1beta, IL-18, and uric acid were measured in synovial fluid from 112 patients with gout and other arthritides, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and spondyloarthropathy. Caspase-1 in synovial fluid from patients with crystal-induced arthritis, inflammatory arthritis, osteoarthritis, and spondyloarthropathy was 35.9 +/- 86.7, 49.7 +/- 107.7, 2.1 +/- 7.0, and 152.6 +/- 155.7 pg/mL, respectively. The mean level and the frequency of high levels (> or =125 pg/mL) of caspase-1 in spondyloarthropathy were significantly higher than those in the other arthritides including gout. Caspase-1 was detectible in the synovial fluid of patients with the various arthritides. Contrary to our hypothesis, the caspase-1 level in the synovial fluid of patients with gout was not higher than in that of other arthritides. High levels of caspase-1 may be helpful in differentiating spondyloarthropathy from other arthritides.
Adult ; Aged ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/enzymology/metabolism/pathology ; Caspase 1/*analysis ; Female ; Gout/*enzymology/metabolism/pathology ; Humans ; Interleukin-18/analysis ; Interleukin-1beta/analysis ; Leukocyte Count ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Osteoarthritis/enzymology/metabolism/pathology ; Spondylarthropathies/*enzymology/metabolism/pathology ; Synovial Fluid/*enzymology/metabolism ; Uric Acid/analysis

The levels of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) in synovial fluid (SF) and serum in cases of canine osteoarthritis (OA) were measured. OA was induced by a surgically-created medial patellar luxation in the left stifle of 24 dogs. SF and blood samples were collected at 1.5- and 3-month intervals, respectively. Every 3 months, one dog was euthanatized to collect tissue samples from both stifles. TRAP levels in SF and serum were measured using a spectrophotometer, and TRAP-positive cells in joint tissues were identified by enzyme histochemistry. MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in SF and serum were detected by Western blotting and ELISA, respectively. TRAP in SF from the stifles and serum was significantly increased (p < 0.05) after 3 months. TIMP-2 in SF and serum was significantly decreased (p < 0.05), whereas MMP-2 in SF was significantly increased (p < 0.05) during the progression of OA. Histochemistry revealed an increased number of TRAP-positive cells in tissues from OA-affected joints. Assays measuring TRAP, MMP-2, and TIMP-2 in SF and serum, and methods that detect increased numbers of TRAP-positive cells in the joint tissues can play an important role in identifying the early phases of degenerative changes in canine joint components.
Acid Phosphatase/analysis/blood ; Animals ; Arthritis, Experimental/enzymology/etiology/veterinary ; Biological Markers/*analysis/*blood ; Blotting, Western/veterinary ; Dislocations/complications/*veterinary ; Dog Diseases/*enzymology/etiology ; Dogs ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary ; Female ; Isoenzymes/analysis/blood ; Male ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/analysis/blood ; Osteoarthritis/enzymology/etiology/*veterinary ; Spectrophotometry/veterinary ; Stifle/physiopathology ; Synovial Fluid/*enzymology ; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2/analysis/blood

Triptolide (TPT), an active compound extracted from Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii , has been used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, after synovial fibroblasts from rheumatoid arthritis (RASFs) were treated with TPT, we investigated its effect on the differentiation of Th17 cells. Firstly, the mRNA level of cyclooxygenase (COX) wad detected by qRT-PCR and the protein level of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was tested by ELISA in RASFs treated with different concentrations (0, 10, 50, 100 nmol L-1 ) of TPT. Then after TPT pre-treated RASFs and RA CD4 + T cells wer e co-cultured for 3 days in the presence or absence of PGE2, IL-17 and IFN-gamma production in CD4 T cell subsets were detected by flow cytometry. The results showed TPT decreased the mRNA experssion of COX2 and the secretion of PGE2 in RASFs in a dose-dependent manner(P <0. 05). We further found that differentiation of Thl7 cells was downregulated in a dose-dependent manner, and exogenous PGE2 could reverse the inhibition of Th17 cell differentiation(P <0. 05). Taken together, our results demonstrated that TPT inhibited the mRNA level of COX2 and the secretion of PGE2 in RASFs, which partly led to impaired Th17 cell differentiation in vitro.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; drug therapy ; enzymology ; immunology ; Cell Differentiation ; drug effects ; Cell Line ; Cyclooxygenase 2 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Dinoprostone ; metabolism ; Diterpenes ; pharmacology ; Epoxy Compounds ; pharmacology ; Fibroblasts ; drug effects ; immunology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; drug effects ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Phenanthrenes ; pharmacology ; Synovial Fluid ; drug effects ; Th17 Cells ; drug effects ; pathology