Animals ; Autonomic Nervous System ; physiology ; Humans ; Parasympathetic Nervous System ; physiology ; Sepsis ; etiology ; physiopathology ; Sympathetic Nervous System ; physiology

Stress or neuroendocrine response usually occurs soon after trauma, which is central to the maintenance of post-traumatic homeostasis. Immune inflammatory response has been recognized to be a key element both in the pathogenesis of post-traumatic complications and in tissue repair. Despite the existence of multiple and intricate interconnected neuroendocrine pathways, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system have been considered to be the most important in trauma. Although the short-term and appropriate activation of these stress responses is vital to the host's adaptation, prolonged duration and exaggerative magnitude of their activity leads to deleterious effects on immune function in trauma, causing immune dissonance. The overall appropriate and controlled activation and termination of the neuroendocrine responses that mediate the necessary physiological functions involved in maintaining and restoring homeostasis in the event of trauma are of critical importance. This review will describe the effects of some important neuroendocrine responses on immune system. Present evidences indicate that the neuroendocrine and immune systems form a cohesive and integrated early host response to trauma, and identify areas for further research to fully elucidate the regulatory role of neuroendocrine system in trauma.
Humans ; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System ; physiology ; Immune System ; physiology ; Parasympathetic Nervous System ; physiology ; Pituitary-Adrenal System ; physiology ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ; immunology ; physiopathology ; Sympathetic Nervous System ; physiology

To evaluate the effect of aerobic and anaerobic endurance training the regulating the function of autonomic nervous system, in order to provide scientific basis for optimizing the project of physical fitness training. Fourty-one healthy young men were randomly divided into aerobic and anaerobic endurance training groups. The training period was 8 weeks. Pre-exercise, 4 weeks and 8 weeks after trained, HRV were measured compared with pre-exercise. The autonomic balance in aerobic endurance group had an increasing parasympathetic activity (HF, HFnu, RMSSD, PNN50, all P was < 0.05) and relatively decreasing sympathetic activity (LFnu). This group showed a parasympathetic predominance (LF/HF) and increase of HRV. While in the anaerobic group there was a relative stabilization with the function of autonomic nervous system. The present study shows that the effect of aerobic and anaerobic endurance training on the autonomic nervous system depends on its intensity. Proper intensity of anaerobic endurance training may be beneficial to improve the adaptability of human body for circumstances as aerobic endurance training.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Autonomic Nervous System ; physiology ; Electrocardiography ; Exercise ; physiology ; Heart Rate ; physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Physical Endurance ; physiology ; Running ; physiology ; Sympathetic Nervous System ; physiology ; Vagus Nerve ; physiology

This experiment aimed to investigate the effect of adrenergic system in the subnucleus commissuriu of nucleus solitrius tractus (CNTS) on renal nerve discharges. Norepinephrine (NE) was microinjected into the CNTS of rabbits and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and renal nerve discharges (FRND) were synchronously recorded. The results indicated that (1) microinjection of norepinephine into the CNTS of rabbit could significantly attenuate the frequency of renal nerve discharge, and at the same time decrease markedly the mean arterial pressure. (2) Microinjection of 0.3 nmol yohimbin into CNTS had no significant influence on FRND and MAP, but could attenuate and even reverse the effects of NE on FRND and MAP. These results suggest that microinjection of NE into CNTS may activate the alpha-adrenorecptor located in CNTS and secondarily produce a depressor effect by attenuating the activity of periphenal sympathetic nervous system.
Blood Pressure/drug effects ; Depression, Chemical ; Kidney/*innervation ; Microinjections ; Norepinephrine/*pharmacology ; Solitary Nucleus/*physiology ; Sympathetic Nervous System/drug effects ; Sympathetic Nervous System/*physiopathology ; Vasomotor System/physiopathology

OBJECTIVETo review the advances in studies on renal denervation.

DATA SOURCESReferences concerning renal denervation and resistant hypertension cited in this review were collected from PubMed published in English and those of renal denervation devices from official websites of device manufacturers up to January 2014.

STUDY SELECTIONArticles with keywords "renal denervation" and "resistant hypertension" were selected.

RESULTSRenal and systemic sympathetic overactivity plays an important role in pathology of hypertension as well as other diseases characterized by sympathetic overactivity. Renal denervation is a new, catheter based procedure to reduce renal and systemic sympathetic overactivity by disruption of renal sympathetic efferent and afferent nerves through radiofrequency or ultrasound energy delivered to the endoluminal surface of both renal arteries. Although several studies have shown the efficacy and safety of renal denervation in the treatment of resistant hypertension and the potential benefit of the procedure in other diseases, Symplicity HTN 3 study, the most rigorous clinical trial of renal denervation to date, failed to meet its primary endpoint. The procedure also has other limitations such as the lack of long term, efficacy and safety data and the lack of the predictors for the blood pressure lowering response and nonresponse to the procedure. An overview of current renal denervation devices holding Conformité Européenne mark is also included in this review.

CONCLUSIONSRenal denervation is a promising therapeutic approach in the management of resistant hypertension and other diseases characterized by sympathetic overactivity. In its early stage of clinical application, the efficacy of the procedure is still controversial. Large scale, blind, randomized, controlled clinical trials are still necessary to address the limitations of the procedure.

Blood Pressure ; physiology ; Denervation ; methods ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Kidney ; innervation ; Neurosurgical Procedures ; Sympathetic Nervous System ; metabolism

Diabetic Neuropathies ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Skin ; innervation ; Sympathetic Nervous System ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo introduce studies about the effect of different needling manipulation methods on the body surface temperature in recent years, and to probe the mechanism.

METHODSIt is reviewed from clinical studies and experimental studies, and other aspects.

CONCLUSIONThe functions and therapeutic effects of acupuncture are changed with temperature changes induced by different needling manipulations. Reinforcing method of acupuncture can increase body temperature, and the reducing manipulation can decrease it. The temperature of body surface is decided by blood circulation, excitement extent of the sympathetic nerve, and metabolic state of the tissues, and other aspects, which are related with the changes of skin temperature induced by different needling manipulation methods.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Animals ; Blood Circulation ; Body Temperature ; Humans ; Sympathetic Nervous System ; physiology

AIMTo establish an objective, easy-to-use and comprehensive method to analyze corpus cavernosum electromyographic signals (CC-potentials).

METHODSCC-potentials were recorded during flaccidity in 23 young healthy volunteers, with surface electrodes placed on the penile shaft bilaterally. Based on the correlation function of Matlab software, an application program for the analysis of CC-potentials was developed. Individual CC-potentials and their autocorrelation function were evaluated, yielding parameters amplitude (A), duration (D), and dominant frequency (DF). The cross-correlation function of both longitudinal and bilateral pairs of adjacent electrodes was calculated to assess the similarity and mutual delay of CC-potentials recorded simultaneously from different parts of the CC. The parameters derived were squared maximum cross-correlation coefficient (Rmax) and delay (tau). Based on the absolute value of tau and the corresponding inter-electrode distance, propagation velocity (PV) was calculated.

RESULTSThe values of the parameters were determined automatically. No significant difference related to the locations of the electrodes for parameters A, D, and DF was detected. The cross-correlation showed that both longitudinal and bilateral CC-potential pairs had highly similar waveforms (the absolute values of Rmax were 0.80 +/- 0.05 and 0.87 +/- 0.06, respectively). PV of longitudinal pairs was estimated as 6.15 +/- 3.98 cm/s.

CONCLUSIONThe application program for correlation analysis of CC-potentials is a comprehensive and versatile method to analyze corpus cavernosum electromyographic recordings. Its objectiveness makes multi-center application possible.

Electromyography ; methods ; Erectile Dysfunction ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle, Smooth ; physiology ; Penis ; physiology ; Statistics as Topic ; methods ; Sympathetic Nervous System ; physiology

Animals ; Carotid Body ; physiology ; Endothelins ; physiology ; Humans ; Hypertension ; etiology ; Hypoxia ; complications ; Inflammation ; complications ; Oxidative Stress ; Sympathetic Nervous System ; physiology

Sympathetic neuronal activity is primarily responsible for the neurogenic control of cerebral autoregulation. The stimulation of sympathetic nerves causes both large arterial constriction and small vessel dilation in experimental animals. However, the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the control of cerebral hemodynamics has yet to be clarified in humans. In order to assess the effect of sympathetic activation on human cerebral hemodynamics, we performed a simultaneous transcranial Doppler (TCD) monitoring of bilateral middle cerebral arterial flow velocity in 16 healthy male volunteers (mean age 26) during well-known sympathetic activation measures such as isometric hand-grip exercise (IHE) and cold pressor test (CPT). Blood pressure was checked manually before and at each minute during tests. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) was calculated as (systolic pressure + 2 X diastolic pressure)/3. There was a significant increase in MCA flow velocities during both sympathetic activation tests. The percent increase of diastolic velocity (36% with IHE and 24% with CPT) was significantly higher than systolic velocity (21% with IHE and 9% with CPT). The pulsatility index was significantly decreased during the tests (from 0.75 to 0.58 with IHE and from 0.81 to 0.63 with CPT). These results suggest that sympathetic activation increases MCA flow velocities, related with a reduction in small vessel resistance and/or a constriction of large arteries.
Adult ; Blood Flow Velocity ; Carbon Dioxide/blood ; Cerebral Arteries/physiology* ; Cerebrovascular Circulation* ; Hemodynamics ; Human ; Male ; Sympathetic Nervous System/physiology*