Objectives: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a prevalent mental health condition that impacts daily life. It is thought to be associated with genetic, biological, and structural brain changes, serotonergic abnormalities, altered neuromodulation, and environmental factors.Limited observational studies have examined cytokines in Bangladeshi patients with OCD. This study aimed to assess the levels of eotaxin-1 and interleukin (IL)-34 in individuals with this disorder. Methods: This case-control observational study included 58 patients with OCD and 30 healthy controls (HCs) matched for age, sex, and body mass index. The severity of OCD was assessed using the Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale (Y-BOCS). Psychiatrists evaluated participants according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Serum levels of eotaxin-1 and IL-34 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Results: Patients with OCD exhibited significantly higher serum eotaxin-1 levels (121.13 ± 7.84pg/mL) than HCs (85.52 ± 9.42 pg/mL). Conversely, IL-34 levels were considerably lower in patients than in HCs (119.02 ± 14.53 pg/mL vs. 179.96 ± 27.88 pg/mL). The Cohen d values for eotaxin-1 and IL-34 were 0.55 and −0.48, respectively. Among patients with OCD, a significantpositive correlation was found between serum eotaxin-1 level and Y-BOCS score, along with a negative correlation between serum eotaxin-1 and IL-34 levels. Conclusion The findings suggest that altered eotaxin-1 and IL-34 levels may be associated withOCD. These chemokines and cytokines could serve as primary tools for assessing the risk of OCD, warranting further clinical investigation. This could potentially support more extensive research and the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways.

Purpose: Diagnosing sarcopenia necessitates the measurement of skeletal muscle mass. However, guidelines lack a standardized imaging modality with thresholds validated among Asians. This systematic review compared ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)/body composition monitoring in the detection of sarcopenia within Asian populations. Methods: PubMed and Embase were systematically searched for studies analyzing ultrasonography, CT, MRI, and BIA in diagnosing sarcopenia among Asians. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Results: Pooled findings from 21,598 patients across 25 studies were examined. In receiver operating characteristic analysis, ultrasound displayed a pooled mean area under the curve (AUC) of 0.767 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.709–0.806), with mean sensitivity of 81.1% (95% CI, 0.744–0.846) and specificity of 73.1% (95% CI, 0.648–0.774), for detecting sarcopenia in Asian populations. CT exhibited an AUC of 0.720 (sensitivity, 54.0%; specificity, 92.0%). MRI demonstrated an AUC of 0.839 (sensitivity, 67.0%; specificity, 66.0%). BIA displayed an AUC of 0.905 (95% CI, 0.842–0.968), 80.7% sensitivity (95% CI, 0.129–0.679), and 82.4% specificity (95% CI, 0.191–0.633). Conclusion Various modalities aid in diagnosing sarcopenia, and selection should be individualized. Although only BIA and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry are recommended by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia and the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People, ultrasound imaging may hold diagnostic value for sarcopenia in the Asian population. In certain groups, diagnostic use of CT and MRI is warranted. Future research can standardize and validate modality-specific thresholds and protocols within Asian populations.

Background: Advancements in surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have improved survivalfor brain tumor patients, increasing the risk of second primary tumors (SPTs) among long-term survivors. This study examines the types and risks of SPTs in brain tumor patients presenting at a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This single-center, retrospective study explored occurrences of SPTs following prima-ry brain tumors and occurrences of brain tumors as SPTs following primary extra neural tumors. A total of 41 patients were included and analyzed presenting with histologically confirmed SPTs between 1st January 2000 and 31st December 2020. Results: The study included 41 patients with SPTs, primarily female (65.9%). Of these, 20 pa-tients (48.7%) developed SPTs after a primary brain tumor, while 21 patients (51.2%) developed brain tumors as SPTs after extra-neural tumors. Among patients who developed SPTs after brain tumors (n=20), meningioma (n=8, 40.0%) and pituitary adenoma (n=6, 30.0%) were the most prevalent first primary tumors (FPTs) while breast tumors predominated as SPTs (n=4, 20.0%). Survival analysis indicated younger mean age (44.5 years) for patients marked alive, compared to those marked deceased (57.0 years) and those with unknown outcomes (63.0 years). Conclusion Based on this retrospective analysis, the median age at diagnosis was 44.5 years,with a considerable number of patients (36.6%) having uncertain outcomes at follow-up due to incomplete records. These findings highlight the need for improved follow-up data management to better assess long-term survival in patients with SPTs following brain tumors.

Background: Cognitive decline is commonly seen in brain tumor (BT) patients and is associatedwith a worsened prognosis. Cognitive rehabilitation (CR) for cancer-related cognitive dysfunction has been widely studied for non-central nervous system cancers; however, recent emerging research has commenced documenting CR strategies for BT patients and survivors. Our objective was to review the current literature on various CR modalities in patients and BT survivors. Methods: The review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The studieson CR were searched across 3 databases using a predefined search strategy. After removing duplicates, performing initial and full-text screenings, and applying inclusion criteria, relevant articles were selected. The demographic details, CR technique, cognitive tasks/tests administered, cognitive functions assessed, follow-up time, and outcomes of the intervention were assessed. Results: A total of 15 studies were included in the review. Neuropsychologist-guided trainingsessions to improve memory, attention, and executive functioning are effective in improving the mentioned domains. Younger and more educated patients benefited the most. Holistic mnemonic training and neurofeedback were not shown to affect overall cognitive functioning. Computer-based training programs showed improvements in executive functions of pediatric BT survivors, however, feasibility studies showed conflicting results. Aerobic exercises improved executive functions and decreased symptoms of the tumor. Both yoga and combined aerobic and strength training improved overall cognitive functioning. Active video gaming may improve motor and process skills; however, no effect was seen on cognitive functioning. Conclusion Neuropsychologic training, computer-based programs, and physical exercise havebeen found effective in improving or preventing decline in cognitive functions of BT patients. Given the limited trials and methodological variations, a standardized CR program cannot be established at present. Ongoing trials are expected to provide valuable data in the near future.

Objectives: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a prevalent mental health condition that impacts daily life. It is thought to be associated with genetic, biological, and structural brain changes, serotonergic abnormalities, altered neuromodulation, and environmental factors.Limited observational studies have examined cytokines in Bangladeshi patients with OCD. This study aimed to assess the levels of eotaxin-1 and interleukin (IL)-34 in individuals with this disorder. Methods: This case-control observational study included 58 patients with OCD and 30 healthy controls (HCs) matched for age, sex, and body mass index. The severity of OCD was assessed using the Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale (Y-BOCS). Psychiatrists evaluated participants according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Serum levels of eotaxin-1 and IL-34 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Results: Patients with OCD exhibited significantly higher serum eotaxin-1 levels (121.13 ± 7.84pg/mL) than HCs (85.52 ± 9.42 pg/mL). Conversely, IL-34 levels were considerably lower in patients than in HCs (119.02 ± 14.53 pg/mL vs. 179.96 ± 27.88 pg/mL). The Cohen d values for eotaxin-1 and IL-34 were 0.55 and −0.48, respectively. Among patients with OCD, a significantpositive correlation was found between serum eotaxin-1 level and Y-BOCS score, along with a negative correlation between serum eotaxin-1 and IL-34 levels. Conclusion The findings suggest that altered eotaxin-1 and IL-34 levels may be associated withOCD. These chemokines and cytokines could serve as primary tools for assessing the risk of OCD, warranting further clinical investigation. This could potentially support more extensive research and the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways.

Objectives: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a prevalent mental health condition that impacts daily life. It is thought to be associated with genetic, biological, and structural brain changes, serotonergic abnormalities, altered neuromodulation, and environmental factors.Limited observational studies have examined cytokines in Bangladeshi patients with OCD. This study aimed to assess the levels of eotaxin-1 and interleukin (IL)-34 in individuals with this disorder. Methods: This case-control observational study included 58 patients with OCD and 30 healthy controls (HCs) matched for age, sex, and body mass index. The severity of OCD was assessed using the Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale (Y-BOCS). Psychiatrists evaluated participants according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Serum levels of eotaxin-1 and IL-34 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Results: Patients with OCD exhibited significantly higher serum eotaxin-1 levels (121.13 ± 7.84pg/mL) than HCs (85.52 ± 9.42 pg/mL). Conversely, IL-34 levels were considerably lower in patients than in HCs (119.02 ± 14.53 pg/mL vs. 179.96 ± 27.88 pg/mL). The Cohen d values for eotaxin-1 and IL-34 were 0.55 and −0.48, respectively. Among patients with OCD, a significantpositive correlation was found between serum eotaxin-1 level and Y-BOCS score, along with a negative correlation between serum eotaxin-1 and IL-34 levels. Conclusion The findings suggest that altered eotaxin-1 and IL-34 levels may be associated withOCD. These chemokines and cytokines could serve as primary tools for assessing the risk of OCD, warranting further clinical investigation. This could potentially support more extensive research and the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways.

Purpose: Diagnosing sarcopenia necessitates the measurement of skeletal muscle mass. However, guidelines lack a standardized imaging modality with thresholds validated among Asians. This systematic review compared ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)/body composition monitoring in the detection of sarcopenia within Asian populations. Methods: PubMed and Embase were systematically searched for studies analyzing ultrasonography, CT, MRI, and BIA in diagnosing sarcopenia among Asians. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Results: Pooled findings from 21,598 patients across 25 studies were examined. In receiver operating characteristic analysis, ultrasound displayed a pooled mean area under the curve (AUC) of 0.767 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.709–0.806), with mean sensitivity of 81.1% (95% CI, 0.744–0.846) and specificity of 73.1% (95% CI, 0.648–0.774), for detecting sarcopenia in Asian populations. CT exhibited an AUC of 0.720 (sensitivity, 54.0%; specificity, 92.0%). MRI demonstrated an AUC of 0.839 (sensitivity, 67.0%; specificity, 66.0%). BIA displayed an AUC of 0.905 (95% CI, 0.842–0.968), 80.7% sensitivity (95% CI, 0.129–0.679), and 82.4% specificity (95% CI, 0.191–0.633). Conclusion Various modalities aid in diagnosing sarcopenia, and selection should be individualized. Although only BIA and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry are recommended by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia and the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People, ultrasound imaging may hold diagnostic value for sarcopenia in the Asian population. In certain groups, diagnostic use of CT and MRI is warranted. Future research can standardize and validate modality-specific thresholds and protocols within Asian populations.

Purpose: Diagnosing sarcopenia necessitates the measurement of skeletal muscle mass. However, guidelines lack a standardized imaging modality with thresholds validated among Asians. This systematic review compared ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)/body composition monitoring in the detection of sarcopenia within Asian populations. Methods: PubMed and Embase were systematically searched for studies analyzing ultrasonography, CT, MRI, and BIA in diagnosing sarcopenia among Asians. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Results: Pooled findings from 21,598 patients across 25 studies were examined. In receiver operating characteristic analysis, ultrasound displayed a pooled mean area under the curve (AUC) of 0.767 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.709–0.806), with mean sensitivity of 81.1% (95% CI, 0.744–0.846) and specificity of 73.1% (95% CI, 0.648–0.774), for detecting sarcopenia in Asian populations. CT exhibited an AUC of 0.720 (sensitivity, 54.0%; specificity, 92.0%). MRI demonstrated an AUC of 0.839 (sensitivity, 67.0%; specificity, 66.0%). BIA displayed an AUC of 0.905 (95% CI, 0.842–0.968), 80.7% sensitivity (95% CI, 0.129–0.679), and 82.4% specificity (95% CI, 0.191–0.633). Conclusion Various modalities aid in diagnosing sarcopenia, and selection should be individualized. Although only BIA and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry are recommended by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia and the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People, ultrasound imaging may hold diagnostic value for sarcopenia in the Asian population. In certain groups, diagnostic use of CT and MRI is warranted. Future research can standardize and validate modality-specific thresholds and protocols within Asian populations.

Background: Advancements in surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have improved survivalfor brain tumor patients, increasing the risk of second primary tumors (SPTs) among long-term survivors. This study examines the types and risks of SPTs in brain tumor patients presenting at a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This single-center, retrospective study explored occurrences of SPTs following prima-ry brain tumors and occurrences of brain tumors as SPTs following primary extra neural tumors. A total of 41 patients were included and analyzed presenting with histologically confirmed SPTs between 1st January 2000 and 31st December 2020. Results: The study included 41 patients with SPTs, primarily female (65.9%). Of these, 20 pa-tients (48.7%) developed SPTs after a primary brain tumor, while 21 patients (51.2%) developed brain tumors as SPTs after extra-neural tumors. Among patients who developed SPTs after brain tumors (n=20), meningioma (n=8, 40.0%) and pituitary adenoma (n=6, 30.0%) were the most prevalent first primary tumors (FPTs) while breast tumors predominated as SPTs (n=4, 20.0%). Survival analysis indicated younger mean age (44.5 years) for patients marked alive, compared to those marked deceased (57.0 years) and those with unknown outcomes (63.0 years). Conclusion Based on this retrospective analysis, the median age at diagnosis was 44.5 years,with a considerable number of patients (36.6%) having uncertain outcomes at follow-up due to incomplete records. These findings highlight the need for improved follow-up data management to better assess long-term survival in patients with SPTs following brain tumors.

Background: Cognitive decline is commonly seen in brain tumor (BT) patients and is associatedwith a worsened prognosis. Cognitive rehabilitation (CR) for cancer-related cognitive dysfunction has been widely studied for non-central nervous system cancers; however, recent emerging research has commenced documenting CR strategies for BT patients and survivors. Our objective was to review the current literature on various CR modalities in patients and BT survivors. Methods: The review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The studieson CR were searched across 3 databases using a predefined search strategy. After removing duplicates, performing initial and full-text screenings, and applying inclusion criteria, relevant articles were selected. The demographic details, CR technique, cognitive tasks/tests administered, cognitive functions assessed, follow-up time, and outcomes of the intervention were assessed. Results: A total of 15 studies were included in the review. Neuropsychologist-guided trainingsessions to improve memory, attention, and executive functioning are effective in improving the mentioned domains. Younger and more educated patients benefited the most. Holistic mnemonic training and neurofeedback were not shown to affect overall cognitive functioning. Computer-based training programs showed improvements in executive functions of pediatric BT survivors, however, feasibility studies showed conflicting results. Aerobic exercises improved executive functions and decreased symptoms of the tumor. Both yoga and combined aerobic and strength training improved overall cognitive functioning. Active video gaming may improve motor and process skills; however, no effect was seen on cognitive functioning. Conclusion Neuropsychologic training, computer-based programs, and physical exercise havebeen found effective in improving or preventing decline in cognitive functions of BT patients. Given the limited trials and methodological variations, a standardized CR program cannot be established at present. Ongoing trials are expected to provide valuable data in the near future.