Porcine Torovirus (PToV) is widely distributed in the world with high prevalence rate in swinery. Due to the high detection rate in diarrhea pigs, PToV is thought to be a potential pathogen of swine diarrhea. In recent years, epidemic outbreaks of diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality in China have caused great economic losses. Intertypic recombination events and antigenic cross-reactivity among toroviruses implies potential zoonotic transmission of PToV. The review represented the development history of PToV and made a brief summary of the features in genome and protein epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of the PToV, and so on.
Animals ; China ; epidemiology ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; epidemiology ; virology ; Torovirus ; genetics ; physiology ; Torovirus Infections ; epidemiology ; veterinary ; virology

The deltacoronavirus is a new member of the subfamily Coronaviridae of the family Coronaviridae. Deltacoronaviruses can infect birds and mammals. Deltacoronaviruses were detected in early 2007 in Asian leopard cats and Chinese ferret badgers. In 2014, porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) infection spread rapidly in the USA. Moreover, cell culture-adapted PDCoV has been obtained from infected piglets. Animal experiments have confirmed that the isolated PDCoV is highly pathogenic and causes severe diarrhea in piglets. Thus, the PDCoV can be considered to be a good model to study the deltacoronavirus. In this review, we discuss the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenicity, culture, and diagnostic methods of the PDCoV.
Animals ; Coronavirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Coronavirus Infections ; veterinary ; virology ; Diarrhea ; veterinary ; virology ; Phylogeny ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; virology

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) can cause immunosuppression on herds. PCV2, as an essential pathogen of PCV2-systemic disease (PCV2-SD), has caused considerable economic losses in pig industry worldwide. Here we review and address the evolution, viral protein and immunolesion of PCV2 and preventive techniques of PCV2-SD.
Animals ; Circoviridae Infections ; veterinary ; Circovirus ; genetics ; Phylogeny ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; virology ; Viral Proteins ; genetics

Porcine bocavirus (PBoV) was considered as a new member of the genus Bocavirus of the subfamily Parvovirinae of the family Parvoviridae, which was discovered in Swedish swine herds with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in 2009. At present, as an emerging pathogen, it was paid great attention by researchers at home and abroad. This paper referred to some published literatures and reviewed several aspects of PBoV including its finding, classification, genome structure and replication, epidemiology, associativity with diseases, cultural and diagnostic methods.
Animals ; Biomedical Research ; Bocavirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Parvoviridae Infections ; diagnosis ; veterinary ; virology ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; diagnosis ; virology

In 2006, a swine influenza virus (SIV) isolate was isolated from 30 nasal swabs samples collected from pigs with clinical syndromes of swine influenza in a pig farm of Liaoning Province. The virus isolate was studied and identified by the growth in 9-11 days old chicken embryo, hemagglutination (HA) assay, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays (RT-PCR) for its genetic subtype, whole gene sequence analysis and animal trial for its virulence. The virus isolate demonstrated the hemagglutination activity. Result of HI test against H1 subtype of SIV was positive, however, the results were negative when the HI studies were conducted using SIV H3 subtype virus and Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV). Eight gene segments of the virus isolate were amplified by RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of the gene sequence of the virus isolate by using DNAstar software program revealed that the isolate have the H1 HA gene, by comparing to the sequences of H1-H16 in the GenBank. Furthermore, sequencing results also demonstrated that the virus isolate's NA gene belongs to N1 subtype. Therefore, the subtype of the SIV isolate is H1N1. The results of sequence analysis indicated that the genome of the SIV-H1N1 LN strain includes 8 fragments, among which only M protein gene is not swine originated. All other 7 fragments have close relationship with the domestic standard swine H1N1 strains. Results suggested that the SIV isolate LN strain might be created by a possible triple reassortants among the classic swine influenza virus, human influenza-like virus, and avian influenza-like virus. Piglets were inoculated with the SIV LN strain virus preparations and the virus caused the typical clinical symptoms of swine influenza in the inoculated piglets. This study, the isolation, identification and genetic analysis of the SIV LN strain provided useful information and basic data for the further investigation of epidemic principles and patterns of swine influenza virus in China.
Animals ; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Lung ; virology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; virology ; Phylogeny ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; virology

Swine influenza viruses (SIVs) are respiratory pathogens of pigs. They cause both economic bur den in livestock-dependent industries and serious global public health concerns in humans. Because of their dual susceptibility to human and avian influenza viruses, pigs are recognized as intermediate hosts for genetic reassortment and interspecies transmission. Subtypes H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 circulate in swine populations around the world, with varied origin and genetic characteristics among different continents and regions. In this review, the role of pigs in evolution of influenza A viruses, the genetic evolution of SIVs and interspecies transmission of SIVs are described. Considering the possibility that pigs might produce novel influenza viruses causing more outbreaks and pandemics, routine epidemiological surveillance of influenza viruses in pig populations is highly recommended.
Animals ; Humans ; Influenza A virus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; transmission ; virology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; epidemiology ; transmission ; veterinary ; virology ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; epidemiology ; transmission ; virology

Animals ; Humans ; Influenza, Human ; virology ; Orthomyxoviridae ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; epidemiology ; veterinary ; virology ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; virology ; Viral Proteins ; genetics

Animals ; Global Health ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Influenza A virus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza, Human ; epidemiology ; history ; mortality ; virology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; epidemiology ; veterinary ; virology ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; epidemiology ; virology

Animals ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza, Human ; virology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; veterinary ; virology ; Recombination, Genetic ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; virology ; Terminology as Topic ; Viral Proteins ; genetics

We report and analyze the clinical data of the first case of severe pneumonia caused by influenza B virus from swine. The patient, a 62 year-old male domestic pig breeder, was admitted to hospital because of fever and muscle pain for 5 days, and anhelation for 3 days. One week before the onset of disease, the patient kept close contact with pigs. CT scan of the chest showed diffuse infiltration in both lungs. Influenza B virus antigen detection (colloidal gold method) was repeatedly positive. These all confirmed influenza B virus infection. Poor appetite, weight loss, cough, poor spirit of pigs, positive influenza B virus antigen test occurred in the pig, while the patient had no history of exposure to influenza B-infected patients. It was likely that influenza B virus was transmitted from domestic pigs to the patient by droplets or close contact. Influenza B virus epidemics always occur every five or six years a time, and patients and carriers are the main source of infection. After searching the Pubmed, Web of science, Elsevier, Wanfang, and CNKI databases, it was found that although there were many studies on influenza B virus infecting seals, ferret, domestic pigs, guinea pigs, and other animals, there was no case report for animal-to-human infection. It is the first case report of type B influenza virus transmission from domestic pigs to people in the world, which provides a new direction for the research and prevention of influenza B virus.
Animals ; Humans ; Influenza B virus ; Influenza, Human ; complications ; etiology ; virology ; Lung ; virology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections ; transmission ; Pneumonia ; etiology ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; transmission ; virology