OBJECTIVETo study the chemical constituents of Swertia macrosperma.

METHODThe air-dried whole plants of Swertia macrosperma were extracted with boiling water. The extract was concentrated to a small amount of volume and extracted with petroleum ether, EtOAc and n-BuOH, successively. The compounds were isolated and purified by column chromatography from the EtOAc fraction, and identified based on spectral analyses (MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR).

RESULTThirteen compounds were isolated from S. macrosperma, and were characterized as norbellidifolin (1), 1-hydroxy-3,7, 8-trimethoxy-xanthone (2), norswertianolin (3), swertianolin (4), 1,3,7,8-tetrahydroxyxanthone-8-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (5), swertiamatin (6), decentapicrin (7), coniferl aldehyde (8), sinapaldehyde (9), balanophonin (10), together with beta-sitosterol, daucosterol, and oleanolic acid .

CONCLUSIONCompounds 2, 4-10 were obtained from Swertia macrosperma for the first time.

Plant Extracts ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Swertia ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo study the chemical constituents of Swertia mileensis.

METHODThe air-dried whole plants of S. mileensis were extracted with 50% EtOH. The EtOH extract was suspended in H20 and extracted with petroleum ether, CHCl3 and n-BuOH successively. The compounds were isolated and purified by column chromatography from the CHCl3 fraction, and identified based on spectral analyses (MS, H-NMR, 13C-NMR).

RESULTTwelve compounds were isolated from S. mileensis, and were elucidated as 1,5, 8-trihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone (1), 1-hydroxyl-2, 3, 5, 7-tetramethoxyxanthone (2), 1-hydroxyl-3, 5, 8-trimethoxyxanthone (3), 1-hydroxyl-2, 3, 4, 6-tetramethoxyxanthone (4), 1-hydroxyl-2, 3, 4, 7-tetramethoxyxanthone (5), 1,8-dihydroxy-3, 5-dimethoxyxanthone (6), 1, 7-dihydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxyxanthone (7), 1, 3, 5, 8-tetrahydroxyxanthone (8), balanophonin (9), oleanolic acid (10), maslinic acid (11), sumaresinolic acid (12).

CONCLUSIONCompounds 1, 3, 7-9, 11 and 12 were obtained from S. mileensis for the first time.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Swertia ; chemistry

AIMTo study the active constituents of Swertia davidi Franch..

METHODSChromatography was used to isolate and purify the chemical components, their structures were identified by spectral analysis.

RESULTSThree compounds were identified as 1,7-dihydroxy-3,8-dimethoxyxanthone (gentiacaulein) (V), 1,8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone (methylswertianin) (VI) and 1,8-dihydroxy-3,4,7-trimethoxyxanthone (VII).

CONCLUSIONCompound VII is a novel xanthone, named daviditin A, the others were isolated from Swertia davidi Franch. for the first time.

Molecular Structure ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Swertia ; chemistry ; Xanthones ; chemistry ; isolation & purification

Chemical constituents of Swertia patens. The whole plant of air-dried Swertia patens was extracted with 90% EtOH. The water extract was suspended in H₂O and extracted with petroleum ether, EtOAc and n-BuOH, successively. The compounds were isola- ted and purified by column chromatography from the EtOAc fraction, and identified based on spectral analyses (MS, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C- NMR). Eighteen compounds were isolated and elucidated as 3, 4-dihydro-1H,6H,8H-naptho [1,2-c:4,5-c', d'dipyrano-1, 8-dione (1), angelone (2), gentiogenal (3), erythricin (4), erythrocentaurin (5), gentianine (6), swertiakoside B (7), swertiamarin (8), 2'-O-actylswertiamarin (9), amarogentin (10), 1, 3, 5-trihydroxyxanthone (11), 1, 3-dihydroxy-5-methoxyxanthone (12), 1-hydroxy- 2, 3, 5-trimethoxyxanthone (13), gentiocrucine (14), 3-hydroxyphenylketone (15), n-hexacosyl ester 4-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate (16), n-hexacosyl ester 4-hydroxy-cis-cinnamate (17), and cholest-4-en-3-one (18). Compounds 1-7, 9-18 were obtained from S. patens for the first time.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Molecular Structure ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Swertia ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo constitute HPLC fingerprint of the methanol extract from Swertia mussotii grown in Sichuan Province.

METHODRP-HPLC, methanol and water including 0.02% acid as mobile phase, gradient elution, flow rate 1.0 mL x min(-1), the detection wavelength was 260 nm, temperature was 30 degrees C.

RESULTThe RSD values of peak area and retention time of common peaks in precision, repeatability and stability were lower than 5.0%, respectively, similarity was over 0.805 in S. mussotii collected from 10 different habitats.

CONCLUSIONAll results above exhibit that this method is simple, practicable, and reliable as a standard method in controlling the quality of S. mussotii.

China ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Quality Control ; Reproducibility of Results ; Swertia ; chemistry

This present work is to study the chemical constituents of Swertia angustifolia. The whole plants of air-dried Swertia angustifolia was extracted with 90% EtOH. The water extract was suspended in H2O and extracted with petroleum ether, EtOAc and nBuOH, successively. The compounds were isolated and purified by column chromatography from the EtOAc fraction, and identified based on spectral analyses (MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR). Fourteen compounds were isolated and characterized as 1, 8-dihydroxy-3, 7-dimethoxyxanthone (1), 1, 8-dihydroxy-3, 5, 7-trimethoxyxanthone (2), 7-hydroxy-3, 8-dimethoxyxanthone-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), 8-0-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-6) -β-D-glucopyranosyl] -1, 7-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone (4), (+) -syringaresinol (5), ferulic acid (6), trans-coniferyl aldehyde (7), sinapaldehyde (8), trans-coniferyl alcohol (9), 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (10), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (11), isophthalic acid (12), 2-furoic acid (13), and 2-methyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone(14). Compounds 2-14 were obtained from this plant for the first time.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Mass Spectrometry ; Molecular Structure ; Swertia ; chemistry

This study is to investigate the chemical constituents of Swertia kouitchensis. The whole plants of air-dried Swertia kouitchensis was extracted with 90% EtOH. The water extract was suspended in H2O and extracted with petroleum ether, EtOAc and n-BuOH, successively. The compounds were isolated and purified by column chromatography from the EtOAc fraction, and their structures were identified based on spectral analyses (MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR). Twenty-eight compounds were obtained, and characterized as erythrocentaurin (1), erythrocentaurin dimethylacetal (2), swertiamarin (3), vogeloside (4), 2'-O- actylswertiamarin (5), swertianoside D (6), gentiocrucines A-B (7-8), gentiocrucine (9), 1-hydroxy-3, 7, 8-trimethoxyxanthone (10), 1-hydroxy-3, 5, 6-trimethoxyxanthone (11), 3-epitaraxerol (12), erythrodiol 3-O-palmitate (13), (+) -syringaresinol (14), caffeic acid (15), trans-coniferyl aldehyde (16), trans-coniferyl alcohol (17), 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (18), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid (19), 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic aldehyde (20), 2, 3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (21), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (22), 3-acetoxybenzoic acid (23), 3-hydroxybenzoic acid (24), 3-hydroxybenzoic alcohol (25), nicotinic acid (26), 2-furoic acid (27), and uracil (28). Compounds 1-4, 6-28 were obtained from S. kouitchensis for the first time.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Mass Spectrometry ; Molecular Structure ; Swertia ; chemistry

AIMTo study the active constituents of Swertia davidi Franch.

METHODSChemical components were isolated by column chromatography and their structures were established mainly by spectroscopic means (UV, IR, NMR, 2D-NMR, MS).

RESULTSThree substances were identified as 2,5-dimethoxyl-1, 4-dicarboxyl benzene (VIII), 1,5,8-trihydroxyl-3,4-dimethoxyl xanthone (IX) and 1,8-dihydroxyl-3-(3'-hydroxyl-butoxy) xanthone (X).

CONCLUSIONCompounds VIII and IX were isolated from Swertia davidi Franch, for the first time, whereas compound X is a new xanthone, named daviditin B with antioxygenated activity in vitro.

Antioxidants ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Molecular Conformation ; Molecular Structure ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Swertia ; chemistry ; Xanthones ; chemistry ; isolation & purification

AIMTo study the active constituents of Swertia davidi Franch.

METHODSColumn chromatographies on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and Diaion-201 et al. were used to isolate and purify the chemical components. Their structures were identified by UV, IR, MS, NMR and 2D-NMR.

RESULTSThese compounds were elucidated as 8-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-1, 3, 5-trihydroxyxanthone (I), 5-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-1, 8-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone (II), 5-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-1, 3, 8-trihydroxyxanthone (III) and swertamarin (IV).

CONCLUSIONCompound III is a new xanthone glucoside. The other compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time.

Glucosides ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Molecular Conformation ; Molecular Structure ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Swertia ; chemistry ; Xanthones ; chemistry ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo develop an HPLC method for simultaneous determination of swertiamarin, gentiopicroside, sweroside, mangiferin, erythrocentaurin, and to detect these five constituents in eight Qingyedans derived from Swertia mileensis, S. cincta, S. patens, S. punicea, S. delavayi, S. nervosa, S. macrosperma and S. yunnanensis.

METHODThe separation was carried out on a Thermo BDS Hypersil C18 (4. 6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) column eluted with mobile phase of water containing 0. 1% phosphoric acid and methanol (B) in gradient program (0-10 min, 18%-20% B; 10-30 min, 20%-35% B; 30-35 min, 35%-60% B). The column temperature was 32 degrees C , and the detection wavelength was set at 250, 260, 225 nm. The flow rate was 0. 7 mL . min-1 from 0 to 30 min, and be increased to 1. 0 mL . min-1 in 35 min.

RESULTThe five compounds were well separated. The linear response ranges of swertiamarin, gentiopicroside, sweroside, mangiferin, erythrocentaurin were 0. 072-13. 39, 0. 1204. 518, 0. 060-5. 050, 0. 025-1. 518, and 0. 031-0. 210 microg, respectively. The mean recoveries of five compounds were 97.03% -102. 7% (RSD 1. 8% -6.2% ). There are swertiamarin, gentiopicroside and sweroside in most samples, and mangiferin in half samples. But erythrocentaurin was only detected in a few samples. The contents of five compounds were different in different samples. The contents of swertiamarin in S. mileensis, S. patens, S. yunnanensis and S. delavayi are up to 34. 47-118.05 mg . g-1, the contents of gentiopicroside are up to 25. 91 mg . g-1 in S. cincta. In S. puncea all contents of swertiamarin, gentiopicroside, sweroside and mangiferin are higher, especially the content of sweroside. There are Xiao-Qingyedans and Da-Qingyedans called in markets, and they can be identified by the contents of swertiamarin, gentiopicroside and sweroside. S. punicea can be identified by the content of sweroside, and the ratio gentiopicroside/total content can be used for identification of S. cincta from other seven Qingyedan species.

CONCLUSIONThe method was certified to be accurate and reliable and can be used for identification and quality evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine Qingyedan derived from Swertia species.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Iridoid Glucosides ; analysis ; Pyrones ; analysis ; Swertia ; chemistry