Objective To study the clinical characteristics and long term prognosis of the neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and explore therapy to improve the prognosis. Methods Data of 1150 newborns with HIE were analyzed. retrospectively. Results There were 942 full term babies(81.9%) and 208 prematures(18.1%). Most of them were caused by anoxia occurring in intrauterine period or at birth, 75.0% of them with superimposed intracranial hemorrhage. The mortality rate was 7.0%(32.8% severe HIE, 4.2% moderate HIE). Among 852 surviors with follow up, the sequenlae rate is 10%(60.7% in severe HIE,4.5% in moderate HIE). The prognosis were bad. The therapy to improve the prognoses are as follow:(1)Early diagnosis and clinical intervention.(2)To maintein the hemostasis is the major principle of treatment.(3)To prevent organ function damage.(4)Long term(4 to 6 months) of Hyperbaric oxygen therapy should be applied to newborns with severe HIE.(5)Early follow up from newborn period and preventive intervention. Conclusion Prognoses of both newborn with sever HIE and prematures are bad. Long term treatment after newborn period is necessary to improve the prognosis.

OBJECTIVE[corrected] To assess the specificity and applicability of direct PCR sequencing in the detection of point mutations in hepatitis B virus (HBV) associated with drug resistance.

METHODSSerum samples were obtained from 120 patients with hepatitis B treated with nucleoside analogus for at least 2 years to detect the point mutations in HBV genome in association with drug resistance using nested PCR and direct DNA sequencing.

RESULTSForty out of the 120 patients were found to have one or two point mutations associated with drug resistance, including 17 with L180M and M204V/I mutations (42.5%), 10 with M204V/I mutation (25%), 8 with N236T mutation (20%), 3 with L180M mutation (7.5%), and 1 with both A181V/T and N236T mutations (2.5%), and 1 with A181V/T mutation(2.5%).

CONCLUSIONDNA sequencing is a good method to detect all known point mutations associated with HBV drug resistance.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; genetics ; Female ; Hepatitis B virus ; drug effects ; genetics ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; drug therapy ; virology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nucleosides ; therapeutic use ; Point Mutation ; genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE To establish the de tection method for the adulteration of Bupleurum marginatum in Ganmao qingre granules，and to determine the adulteration limit . METHODS HPLC-MS/MS method was used to detect the content of nepasaikosaponin K in commercial and self -made samples of Ganmao qingre granules ，using electrospray ionization ，and the analysis was carried out under multiple reaction monitoring model in negative mode with m/z 943.6→635.5 as the quantitative ion pair. The calculation method was established for the adulteration proportion of B. marginatum in Ganmao qingre granules . Taking nepasaikosaponin K as the index ，the adulteration limit was determined . RESULTS The linear range of nepasaikosaponin K were 0.051-20.200 μg/mL（r＝0.999 1）. RSDs of precision ，repeatability and stability （24 h）tests were all lower than 2.50%. The average recoveries were 97.58%（RSD＝2.09%，n＝9）. The limit of detection was 0.60 μg/g，the limit of quantitation was 1.80 μg/g. The adulteration ratio of B. marginatum in Ganmao qingre granules had a good linear relationship to the peak area of nepasaikosaponin K in the range of 5%-100%（r＝0.990 9）. The contents of nepasaikosaponin K in 15 batches of Ganmao qingre granules were 2.584-56.661 μg/g. One batch of samples exceeded the proposed adulteration limit （10%），and the unqualified rate was 6.67%. CONCLUSIONS The established analytical method can be used to detect the adulteration of B. marginatum in Ganmao qinggre granules ，the proposed adulteration limit is 10%.