Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy of percutaneous nephroscopy in the treatment of retroperitioneal abscess after common bile duct exploration. Methods: The retrospective and descriptive study was conducted. The clinical data of 13 patients with retroperitioneal abscess after common bile duct exploration who were admitted to Xinjiang Autonomous Region Hospital of Chinese People′s Armed Forces between January 2004 and December 2018 were collected.There were 5 males and 8 females, aged from 34 to 81 years, with an average age of 57 years. All the 13 patients underwent debridement and drainage for retroperitioneal abscess under percutaneous nephroscope. Observation indicators: (1) surgical and postoperative situations; (2) follow-up. Follow-up was performed using outpatient examination and telephone interview to detect postoperative choledocholithiasis recurrence up to September 2019. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M (range). Count data were described as absolute numbers. Results: (1) Surgical and postoperative situations: all the 13 patients underwent successfully debridement and drainage for retroperitioneal abscess under percutaneous nephroscope, without kidney injury, pancreatic damage, vascular injury or peritoneal damage. There were 11 cases with 1 drainage tube, and 2 cases with 2 drainage tubes. The operation time, volume of intraoperative pus extracted, time to body temperature resuming to normal of 13 patients were 41 minutes (range, 24-77 minutes), 241 mL (range, 110-640 mL), 1.5 days (range, 1.0-4.0 days), respectively. The time to postoperative removal of drainage tube of 13 patients was 42 days(range, 5-94 days), in which the time to postoperative removal of drainage tube at right iliac region was 5 days and 11 days in 2 patients, and at lower back was 23-94 days in 11 patients, respectively. Duration of postoperative hospital stay was 42 days (range, 26-67 days). All the 13 patients had pleural effusion disappeared, and were cured and discharged. (2) Follow-up: 13 patients were followed up for 6-48 months, with a median time of 18 months. No recurrence occurred. Conclusion The treatment with percutaneous nephroscopy is safe and effective for retroperitioneal abscess after common bile duct exploration.