Long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)are comprised of RNA transcripts exceeding 200 nucleotides in length but lacking identifiable open reading frames(with rare exceptions).Herein,we highlight emerging ev-idence demonstrating that lncRNAs are critical regulators of liver metabolic function and diseases.We summarize current knowledges about dysregulated lncRNAs and outline the underlying molecular mechanisms by which lncRNAs control hepatic lipid ad glucose metabolism,as well as cholestatic liver disease.Liver-specific triglyceride regulator(lncLSTR),Lnc18q22.2,steroid RNA activator(SRA),highly upregulated in liver cancer(HULC),metastasis associated in lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1(MALAT1),liver glucokinase repressor(lncLGR),maternally expressed gene 3(MEG3),and H19,lncHR1,lnc-HC,apolipoprotein A1 antisense transcript(APOA1-AS),DYNLRB2-2,and LXR-induced sequence(LeXis)are included in the discussion.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of transcribed RNA molecules with the lengths exceeding 200 nucleotides, are not translated into protein. They can modulate protein-coding genes by controlling transcriptional and posttranscriptional processes. The dysregulation of lncRNAs has been related to various pathological disorders. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of lncRNAs and their implications in the pathogenesis of three common liver diseases: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcohol-related liver disease, and cholestatic liver disease. Future studies to further define the role of lncRNAs and their mechanisms in various types of liver diseases should be explored. An improved understanding from these studies will provide us a useful perspective leading to mechanism-based intervention by targeting specific lncRNAs for the treatment of liver diseases.

Background:Excessive drinkers(ED)and patients with alcoholic liver disease(ALD)are several times more susceptible to bacterial and viral infections and have a decrease in antibody responses to vacci-nations.Follicular helper T(TFH)cells are essential to select B cells in the germinal center and to produce antibodies.TFH cells express both a membrane-associated and a soluble form of CD40 ligand(sCD40L),in which the latter form is released to circulation upon T cell activation.The effect of alcohol on TFH cells has not been studied. Objectives:The goals of this study are to determine the levels of TFH and T helper 1(Th1)cells in ED and those with alcoholic cirrhosis(AC)when compared to healthy controls and to determine the prognostic significance of sCD40L in a cohort of patients with AC. Methods:Controls,ED,and those with AC were enrolled.Baseline demographic,laboratory tests,and peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs)were isolated and assessed via flow cytometry for TFH cells.In vitro study was performed to determine the ability of PBMCs to secrete interferon(IFN)-? upon stimulation.Serum sCD40L was also determined and its prognostic significance was tested in a cohort of AC patients. Results:The levels of circulating TFH(cTFH)cells were significantly lower in peripheral blood of subjects with ED and AC compared to controls(P＜0.05).IFN-? secretion from PBMCs upon stimulation was also lower in ED and those with cirrhosis.Serum sCD40L was significantly lower in ED and AC when compared to that in controls(P＜0.0005).Its level was an independent predictor of mortality. Conclusions:Patients with AC had significantly lower level of cTFH and sCD40L.The level of sCD40L was an independent predictor of mortality in these patients.