1.Effects of D-allulose on body fat accumulation in rats fed severely carbohydrate-restricted diets containing beef tallow or soybean oil
Tatsuhiro MATSUO ; Shunsuke HIGAKI ; Reiko INAI ; Susumu MOCHIZUKI ; Akihide YOSHIHARA ; Kazuya AKIMITSU
Journal of Nutrition and Health 2024;57(2):185-195
Purpose:
The carbohydrate-restricted diet has been recognized to be effective into preventing and alleviating lifestyle-related diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. The rare sugar D-allulose is a functional monosaccharide with anti-obesity effects. In the present study, we examined the effects of dietary D-allulose on body fat accumulation in rats fed severely carbohydrate-restricted diets containing high concentrations of different fats, beef tallow, or soybean oil.
Methods:
Male Wistar rats (n = 35, 3-week-old) were divided into 5 groups: One chow-fed control (C) group, and four carbohydrate-restricted groups, namely, beef tallow (B), beef tallow + D-allulose (BA), soybean oil (S), and soybean oil + D-allulose (SA), with free access to the diet and water for 8 weeks. The B and BA diets contained 23% beef tallow and 2% soybean oil, whereas the S and SA diets contained 25% soybean oil. Furthermore, the BA and SA diets contained 5% D-allulose.
Results:
The final body weight, weight gain, and food intake were significantly higher, and food efficiency was significantly lower in the control group compared to the other carbohydrate-restricted groups. Intra-abdominal adipose tissue, carcass fat, and total body fat weights were not influenced by dietary fat type or D-allulose supplementation, except for the epididymal adipose tissue weight. In contrast, carbohydrate restriction suppressed body weight gain in rats, but remarkably increased body fat accumulation.
Conclusion
Under carbohydrate-restricted conditions, no anti-obesity effects of dietary D-allulose were observed, regardless of the dietary fat type. The causes of these effects are unknown. However, they may be influenced by a very low carbohydrate and high protein diet. Further research is required to elucidate the effects of D-allulose under various nutrient compositions with different fat, carbohydrate, and protein energy ratios.
2.Effective Use of Over-The-Counter (OTC) Drugs during a Disaster:
Yoshiaki Shikamura ; Aika Tanaka ; Kenichi Negishi ; Hideo Shimodaira ; Susumu Wakabayashi ; Toshio Tsukahara ; Kaori Nomura ; Keiji Izushi ; Choichiro Miyazaki ; Mayumi Mochizuki ; Naoki Kamimura
Japanese Journal of Drug Informatics 2017;18(4):242-250
Objective: For effective use of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs that are provided as relief supplies during a disaster, we aimed to develop a list of OTC drugs that can be used during a disaster.
Methods: We obtained information about OTC drugs useful during a disaster by examining results of previous studies and lists of drugs used during a disaster. We analyzed this information with the expert pharmacist of disaster support and established a rationale for our list and developed “the List of Useful OTC Drugs During a Disaster” and “the Information Card on Useful OTC Drugs During a Disaster.”
Results: We developed our list of OTC drugs based on the following parameters: (1) while people with severe disorders (e.g. renal failure) are treated by medical teams, those with minor physical conditions are treated using OTC drugs and (2) those OTC drugs that can be used as substitutes for prescription drugs were preferably selected. The List of Useful OTC Drugs ()—During a Disaster (containing 56 items) was developed for use mainly by medical professionals. Further, pharmacists from disaster-relief medical teams may not always be available in disaster-stricken areas; therefore, the Information Card on Useful OTC Drugs During a Disaster was developed to enable disaster victims to independently make a certain level of decision. The information card contained pictograms to call the attention of the disaster victims.
Conclusion: Our results can provide a common tool for drug suppliers, medical professionals engaging in relief works in disaster-stricken areas, and disaster victims.
3.Medical Professionalism and Continuing Professional Development in the Next Amendment of the Postgraduate Clinical Training System
Takako SHIMIZU ; Shin ISHIHARA ; Muneyoshi AOMATSU ; Yasuhiko KONISHI ; Makoto TAKAHASHI ; Susumu NAKAGAWA ; Atsushi MOCHIZUKI ; Hiroki YASUI ; Hiroaki TAKAHASHI
Medical Education 2018;49(2):135-142
Under the current postgraduate clinical training system for physicians, three principles have been emphasized in its basic tenets; cultivation of character appropriate for physicians, generation of awareness to the societal role of medical science and healthcare, and mastery of basic clinical skills needed to respond appropriately to injuries and illnesses frequently encountered in general practice. In accordance with its quinquennial review rule, the Clinical Training Committee under the Medical Caucus of the Healthcare Professions Council released draft revisions of a notification published by the Director general of the Health Policy Bureau of the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in March, 2018. The document is entitled "On the operation of the ordinance concerning the postgraduate clinical training prescribed in the paragraph (1) of Article 16-2, Medical Practitioners Act" . A Key distinction of the revised draft is new learning outcomes featuring core values shared by physicians: commitment to physicians' societal mission of public health, altruistic behavior, respect for humanity, and maintaining one's own integrity. Another key distinction is securement of longitudinal consistency in the set of required faculties, from medical school curriculum to continuing professional development programs. Further improvements in systems and environments to enhance devotion to life-long learning are needed.
4.Specialty Training System and Postgraduate Education in Japan
Susumu NAKAGAWA ; Hiroaki TAKAHASHI ; Yasuhiko KONISHI ; Muneyoshi AOMATSU ; Shin ISHIHARA ; Takako SHIMIZU ; Makoto TAKAHASHI ; Atsushi MOCHIZUKI ; Hiroki YASUI
Medical Education 2018;49(1):47-54
Medical education towards a specialty is a core stage of training for medical doctors. The specialty training system in Japan was initially organized by various academic societies and was recently integrated under Japan Medical Specialty Board, which was established in 2014. From April 2018, a revised specialty training system will begin and be based on new program guidelines. Its main concepts are professional autonomy, quality assurance of the medical specialty board and trustworthy medical consultation. As with undergraduate education, global standards are recently required in postgraduate education. Consistent outcome policy throughout undergraduate and postgraduate education and workplace-based assessment can hopefully be established.
5.Specialty Training System and Postgraduate Education in Japan
Susumu NAKAGAWA ; Hiroaki TAKAHASHI ; Yasuhiko KONISHI ; Muneyoshi AOMATSU ; Shin ISHIHARA ; Takako SHIMIZU ; Makoto TAKAHASHI ; Atsushi MOCHIZUKI ; Hiroki YASUI
Medical Education 2018;49(1):47-54
Medical education towards a specialty is a core stage of training for medical doctors. The specialty training system in Japan was initially organized by various academic societies and was recently integrated under Japan Medical Specialty Board, which was established in 2014. From April 2018, a revised specialty training system will begin and be based on new program guidelines. Its main concepts are professional autonomy, quality assurance of the medical specialty board and trustworthy medical consultation. As with undergraduate education, global standards are recently required in postgraduate education. Consistent outcome policy throughout undergraduate and postgraduate education and workplace-based assessment can hopefully be established.
6.Present undergraduate medical education with connection to Postgraduate education
Japan Society for Medical Education ; Postgraduate Medical Education Committee ; Yasuhiko KONISHI ; Hiroaki TAKAHASHI ; Muneyoshi AOMATSU ; Shin ISHIHARA ; Takako SHIMIZU ; Makoto TAKAHASHI ; Susumu NAKAGAWA ; Atsushi MOCHIZUKI ; Hiroki YASUI
Medical Education 2017;48(6):387-394
Medical education at college is the very first step of life-long learning as a medical doctor. Curricular reforms in Japan took place in the early 21st century, and can be exampled by the development of a model core curriculum, the emergence of the CAT (common achievement test) examination, the development of clinical clerkship and so on. The International accreditation of medical schools has just started spring of 2017. It highlights outcome-based education, which accelerates the connection of undergraduate education with postgraduate training.
7.Postgraduate Clinical Training System~A perspective from the Community-Based Medicine
Japan Society for Medical Education ; Post-graduate Medical Education Committee ; Hiroki YASUI ; Muneyoshi AOMATSU ; Shin ISHIHARA ; Yasuhiko KONISHI ; Takako SHIMIZU ; Hiroaki TAKAHASHI ; Makoto TAKAHASHI ; Susumu NAKAGAWA ; Atsushi MOCHIZUKI
Medical Education 2018;49(3):207-211
A community-based medicine program in the postgraduate clinical training system has been offered as a mandatory program since 2004. Training sites range from clinical attachments in rural/remote areas to public health centers in the city. The role of the program director is important for enhancing the community-based medical program and raising resident doctors. Unique training programs have been carried out, such as medical training in the afflicted area of the earthquake/Tsunami disaster area as well as an exchange program between Hokkaido and Kagoshima residents. The Japanese healthcare system is drawing global attention and local demand. Enrichment of the community-based medicine program is vital for the human resource development that makes the Japanese healthcare system innovative and sustainable.
8.Analysis of Japanese Postgraduate Clinical Training System from the Perspective of Quality of Education
Japan Society for Medical Education ; Post-graduate Medical Education Committee ; Muneyoshi AOMATSU ; Hiroaki TAKAHASHI ; Yasuhiko KONISHI ; Shin ISHIHARA ; Takako SHIMIZU ; Makoto TAKAHASHI ; Susumu NAKAGAWA ; Atsushi MOCHIZUKI ; Hiroki YASUI
Medical Education 2018;49(4):333-339
"Quality of education" has various definitions, and the definitions are classified mainly into five categories. Introducing the definition categories of "quality of education" , we analyze what aspects of the postgraduate clinical training system for physicians as an educational program have been reconsidered and redesigned. According to the analysis, we propose to introduce a programmatic assessment, which compose of several assessment methods, for evaluation at each stage of medical education from undergraduate to continuous professional development. Realizing such evaluation, we also propose to introduce a student/trainee assessment from a patient's perspective.
9.Review of Medical Training System in Japan
Japan Society for Medical Education ; Post-graduate Medical Education Committee ; Hiroaki TAKAHASHI ; Yasuhiko KONISHI ; Muneyoshi AOMATSU ; Shin ISHIHARA ; Takako SHIMIZU ; Makoto TAKAHASHI ; Susumu NAKAGAWA ; Atsushi MOCHIZUKI ; Hiroki YASUI
Medical Education 2018;49(5):453-459
"The Ordinance of Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare on Japanese Postgraduate Medical Training System" from 2020 was announced to each prefectural governor on July 3rd, 2018. This Medical Training system has been reviewed once every five years, and has been strongly aware of the consistency between the model core curriculum of the undergraduate medical education and the continuing professional development of Japan Medical Association. In this journal, Postgraduate Education Committee in Japan Society for Medical Education has published six installments of a series entitled "Japanese Medical Training System and Medical Education" . We reviewed the series and discussed medical education trends surrounding the postgraduate medical training system and issues in the committee. We will be reporting the information as part of the seventh installment of the series.