Objective: The study was conducted to determine the preservative activity of ethanolic extract of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarp and its compatibility in an antacid suspension. Methods: The extract was subjected to phytochemical screening and was used as preservative in a formulated antacid suspension. Compatibility with the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and excipients were analyzed using fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. Preservative activity of the formulation against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was assessed using the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) antimicrobial effectiveness test, with methylparaben as positive control and suspension without preservative as negative control. Results: The extract exhibited pharmaceutical compatibility with API and excipients. The formulation revealed comparable reduction in microbial count of E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa with positive control at Day 14 (p=0.916, 0.624, 0.335). At Day 28, comparable activity with positive control was only observed against E. coli and S. aureus (p=0.999, 0.854). However, it displayed significant increase in activity against P. aeruginosa (p=0.010) at Day 28. These activities may be attributed to glycosides and reducing substances present in the extract. Conclusion The ethanolic extract from Garcinia mangostana L. pericarp acted as a preservative in the formulation of an antacid suspension. It conformed to the USP criteria for antimicrobial effectiveness test on bacteria.
Garcinia mangostana ; Suspensions

With isolated strams of dermatophytes, susceptibility tests were undertaken to antifungal drugs, and the results of both tests by inoculation of fungal suspensions and, fungal mats were compared, also the combined actior.s of drugs against isolated strains were evaluated, Diverse susceptibiIity patterns were observed among different fungal species, however, no arminor susceptibility differences were detected among strains of same species. Among drugs tested, tolnaftate showed the most strong antifungal ar.tion, and Ep, floccoaum was the most and T. mentagrophytes was the least sensitive species to drugs. MIC levels by mats inoculation were generally far higher than that of fungal suspension, particularly with tolnaftate it was several hundred folds higher by fungal mats inoculatian. Combined actions of drugs were generelly elevated against test strains, when miconazole cornbined with tolnaftate, the action was synergistic against T. mentagrophytes, and when tolnaftate combined with griseofulvin or siccarin cornbined with griseofulvin, thactions were elevated to T. rubrum.
Arthrodermataceae* ; Griseofulvin ; Miconazole ; Suspensions ; Tolnaftate

PURPOSE: To evaluate the cytotoxicity of temporary luting cements on bovine dental pulp-derived cells (bDPCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four different temporary cements were tested: Rely X Temp E (3M ESPE), Ultratemp (Ultradent), GC Fuji Temp (GC), and Rely X Temp NE (3M ESPE). The materials were prepared as discs and incubated in Dulbecco's modified eagle's culture medium (DMEM) for 72 hours according to ISO 10993-5. A real-time cell analyzer was used to determine cell vitality. After seeding 200 microL of the cell suspensions into the wells of a 96-well plate, the bDPCs were cured with bioactive components released by the test materials and observed every 15 minutes for 98 hours. One-way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer tests were used to analyze the results of the proliferation experiments. RESULTS: All tested temporary cements showed significant decreases in the bDPCs index. Rely X Temp E, GC Fuji Temp, and Rely X Temp NE were severely toxic at both time points (24 and 72 hours) (P<.001). When the cells were exposed to media by Ultratemp, the cell viability was similar to that of the control at 24 hours (P>.05); however, the cell viability was significantly reduced at 72 hours (P<.001). Light and scanning electron microscopy examination confirmed these results. CONCLUSION: The cytotoxic effects of temporary cements on pulpal tissue should be evaluated when choosing cement for luting provisional restorations.
Cell Survival ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Suspensions

BACKGROUNDArtificial joints present certain problems such as osteal absorption and lysis induced by wear debris which leads to loosening of the prosthesis over a period of time. Here we propose a design of an artificial magnetic suspension joint that was prepared by integrating the medical theories of modern material science, magnetism, and medical physics.

METHODSAccording to clinical characteristic of biological and mechanical for hip joint, we designed the appearance and dimensions of magnetic suspension joint and placed neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnets in the prosthesis. As the same time, we performed mechanical and biological experiments using artificial magnetic suspension hip joints models.

RESULTSBy simulated the human hip structure and the external load, we discovered the artificial magnetic suspension hip joints models had much lesser amount and size of wear debris than the ceramic/ceramic artificial hip joint prosthesis in friction wear tests. The force between the artificial joints with magnetic materials that we have calculated is feasible for application of artificial joint. The design of artificial magnetic suspension hip joints models was plausible technically and safe biologically.

CONCLUSIONArtificial magnetic suspension hip joints may effectively reduce the incidence of the loosening of prosthesis over a period of time.

Clubroot symptoms occurred severely on roots of Pak-Choi (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis) grown in greenhouses in Gwangju city, Gyeonggi province, Korea in September, 2008. The incidence of the disease symptoms reached as high as 90% in three greenhouses investigated. The root galls collected from the greenhouses were sectioned using a scalpel and observed by light microscope. Many resting spores were found in the cells of the root gall tissues. Suspension of resting spores was prepared from the root galls and inoculated to roots of healthy Pak-Choi plants. Each of five resting spore suspensions caused clubroot symptoms on the roots, which were similar to those observed during the greenhouse survey. Resting spores of the pathogen were observed in the cells of the affected roots. The clubroot pathogen was identified as Plasmodiophora brassicae based on its morphological and pathological characteristics. This is the first report that Plasmodiophora brassicae causes clubroot of Pak-Choi.
Brassica ; Incidence ; Korea ; Light ; Plasmodiophorida ; Spores ; Suspensions

BACKGROUND: The ABO blood group typing test (ABO test) is an initial pre-transfusion test based on hemagglutination. Although various factors affect hemagglutination strength, few studies have examined how these factors can be applied in clinical laboratories and their effects on hemagglutination. This study was conducted to analyze the factors affecting hemagglutination strength in the ABO test using a tube method applied in many laboratories. METHODS: We conducted a detailed questionnaire survey of 51 laboratories which use the ABO test with a tube method. We also analyzed the results of the ABO test (cell and serum typing) with 40 specimens using factors affecting hemagglutination at a tube method and applied differently in each laboratory. RESULTS: Each laboratory used various methods to prepare red cell suspensions as specimens or reagents and used different reagent to sample ratios, centrifugation protocols, and shaking test tubes before evaluating hemagglutination strength. By testing various combinations of these factors, direct sampling from the red cell layer of the original specimen was found to have the largest effect on lowering hemagglutination strength in cell typing tests. In serum typing tests, various factors influenced hemagglutination strength, including shaking the tube before analysis and the concentration of a home-made red cell suspension used as a reagent. CONCLUSIONS: To achieve accurate results in the ABO test by the tube method, detailed guidelines that include the factors affecting hemagglutination strength determined in this study should be established.
Centrifugation ; Hemagglutination* ; Indicators and Reagents ; Methods* ; Suspensions

The instability of secondary metabolite production is a ubiquitous problem in plant cell culture. To understand the instability, the investigation of anthocyanin accumulation in suspension cultures of Vitis vinifera, as a model system, has been initiated in our laboratory. Suspension culture of a relatively homogeneous cell line E of V. vinifera, was established by long-term cell line selection by anthocyanin content differentiation. The aggregate size of E was smaller than that of other cell lines obtained by routine screening method. The variation coefficients of anthocyanin content in suspension cultures of E were 8.7% in long-term subcultures and 5% in repeated flasks, respectively. The effects of elicitor, precursor feeding and light irridiation on biomass and anthocyanin accumulation in suspension cultures of E had been investigated and the results showed that all the variation coefficients were lower than 12% and this indicated the importance of homogeneity on stable production in plant cell culture. With the combination treatment of 30micromol/L phenylalanine and 218micromol/L methyl jasmonate in the dark in suspension cultures of E, the anthocyanin content and production in suspension culture of E was 5.89-fold and 4.30-fold of the controls, respectively, and all the variation coefficients of biomass and anthocyanin accumulation were lower than those of the controls in 5 successive subcultures.
Anthocyanins ; biosynthesis ; Biomass ; Cell Proliferation ; Light ; Suspensions ; Vitis ; cytology ; metabolism

BACKGROUND: High-density calcifications on CT images can appear as high signals on T1-weighted MR images, but with differing extents and degrees. This study investigated CT and MR images of calcifications of various types and concentrations. METHODS: We analyzed CT and MR images of two cases of bilateral basal ganglia calcifications and experimental suspensions of calcifications of different types and concentrations. RESULTS: The density of CT calcifications increased in proportion to their concentration regardless of their type. However, the MR signals differed with the types and concentrations of calcification. A high signal was one of the most noticeable signs on T1-weighted MR images for calcium phosphate, and it increased for concentrations up to 0.2 g/mL before leveling off. The signal for all types of calcification decreased on T2-weighted and especially fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images. CONCLUSIONS: High signals are characteristic of calcification on T1-weighted MR images, and are often stronger than those on CT images. A low signal appears consistently on FLAIR MR images regardless of the calcification type. These findings might be helpful in evaluating calcifications apparent in MR images.
Basal Ganglia ; Brain ; Calcium ; Calcium Phosphates ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Suspensions

Bacterial suspensions of Staph. albus, Staph. aureus, Es. coli and Ps. aeruginosa were added into the rabbit macrophage suspension and placed in the cubator of 37℃. After the incubation of 30, 60 and 120 minutes, percentage of macrophage with intracellular organisms, percentage of intracellular organisms, and number of bacterial cells in the macrophages were followed by microscopy of Giemsa stained preperations. Results of observation were summarized as follows. :1. In the Staph. albus-macrophage suspension; In the suspension of cell-bacterial ratio (CBR) being 1:1 or less, percentages of macrophages with intracellular organisms were small upto 120 minutes of incubation. In the suspension of CBR being about 1:100, percentage of macrophages with intracellular organisms was 40% after 30 mintes, and more than 90% after 120 minutes. Percentage of intracellular organisms was 60–80% after 30 minutes and more than 90% after 120 minutes. The more the number of organisms were present, or the longer the time of incubation elaspsed the number of intracellular organisms were greater. 2. In the Staph. aureus-macrophage suspension; Percentage of macrophages with intracellular organisms was about 25% after 30 minutes and about 85% after 120 minutes in the suspension of CBR being 1:10. In the suspension of CBR being 1:100, percentage of macrophages with intracellular organisms was 45% after 30 minutes and more than 90% after 60 minutes. 55% to 90% of organisms were located intracellularly after 30minutes and the percentages increased until 60 minutes. After 120 minutes the percentages of intracellular organisms, in the suspensions of CBR being 1:1 or more, decreased considerablly. Compared to the Staph. albus-cell suspension, more organisms were found intracellularly. 3. In the Es. coli-macrophage suspension, In the suapension of CBR being 1:100 percentage of macrophages with intracellular organisms was about 70% after 30 minutes and 99% after 120 minutes. After 30 minutes 45–70% of organism were located intracellularly and 70%–80% after 60 minutes and the percentages continued increase in the suspensions of CBR being 1:1 or less, but decreased in the suspensions of CBR being 1:10 or more. Compared to the Staphylococcus-cell suspensions, number of organisms observed intracellularly were generally smaller. 4. In the Ps. aeruginosa-macrophage suspension; About 60% of macrophages were found haboring organisms in the suspension of CBR being 1:100 after 30 minutes and 85% after 120 minutes. After 30minutes about 90% of organisms were observed intracellularly in the suspension of CBR 1:10 or more and after 60 minutes the percentage decreased. Compared to the Es. coli-macrophage suspension, the number of intracellular organisms were about the same or even less.
Azure Stains ; In Vitro Techniques ; Macrophages ; Mentha ; Microscopy ; Suspensions

The aim of the study was to obtain the secondary metabolites in the stem segment of noni and to establish genetic transformation system. The stem segments (no axillary buds) of noni were used as explants to induce the callus, and then to establish the cell suspension system. The factors affecting callus induction and cell suspension were studied. The results showed that the optimal culture medium for induction was MS with 1.0 mg/L 6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and 0.1 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and the optimum culture medium for suspension was MS with 1.0 mg/L 6-BA and 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D, 3% sucrose and the pH of 5.85, with the initial inoculation amount of 37.5 g/L, and the speed of 110 r/min and 25±2 °C applying darkness culture. The suspension cells grew well and showed the maximum growth rate. The growth curve of the suspension cells from the stem segment of noni was in "S-typed" trend, and it should be transformed to the fresh medium between 12 and 20 d. During the culture, the pH of the culture medium decreased and then slowly increased, and the optimum pH for the suspension cells culture of callus from noni's stem segments was 4.5-5.0. In this study, the stable cell suspension system of the stem segment of noni was successfully established.
Cell Culture Techniques ; Culture Media ; Morinda ; Sucrose ; Suspensions