Introduction: Infant hepatitis B vaccination was introduced into the Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) in Malaysia in 1989. This study aimed to investigate seroprevalence of hepatitis B among UKM pre-clinical medical students, born between 1991 and 1995, and had their infant vaccination more than 20 years ago. Materials and Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study involving 352 students, comprising 109 (31.0%) males and 243 (69.0%) females. Blood specimens were tested for anti-HBs, where levels of ≥10 mIU/mL was considered reactive and protective. Students with non-reactive levels were given a 20 µg HBV vaccine booster. Anti-HBs levels were tested six weeks after the first booster dose. Those with anti-HBs <10 mIU/mL were then given another two booster doses, at least one month apart. Anti-HBs levels were tested six weeks after the third dose. Results: Ninety-seven students (27.6%) had anti-HBs ranging from 10 to >1000 mIU/ mL while 255 (72.4%) had anti-HBs <10 mIU/mL. After one booster dose, 208 (59.1%) mounted anti-HBs ≥10 mIU/mL. Among the remaining 47 (13.3%), all except two students (0.6%) responded following completion of three vaccination doses. They were negative for HBsAg and anti-HBcore antibody, thus regarded as non-responders. Conclusions: Anti-HBs levels waned after 20 years post-vaccination, where more than 70% were within non-reactive levels. For healthcare workers, a booster dose followed by documenting anti-HBs levels of ≥10 mIU/mL may be recommended, to guide the management of post-exposure prophylaxis. Pre-booster anti-HBs testing may not be indicated. Serological surveillance is important in long-term assessment of HBV vaccination programs. No HBV carrier was detected.
serological surveillance ; healthcare workers

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the species composition of mosquitoes collected from ovitraps in selected public schools of Metro Manila, Philippines.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ovitraps were installed from November 2013 to February 2014, in purposively selected public elementary and high schools of Metro Manila. Ovitraps were installed inside classrooms and collected weekly and examined for mosquito eggs and larvae. Speciation was done once a month from November 2013 to February 2014. All positive paddles were immersed in water for larval emergence, reared to fourth instars and were identified using taxonomic keys.

RESULTS: A total of 1,482 ovitraps were installed in the selected public schools, and 18,325 larvae were collected from elementary schools, while 16,670 larvae were collected from high schools. The mean ovitrap index or infestation rate was 49.69% during the period of data collection. Mosquito larvae were identified as Aedes aegypti (88.94%) and Aedes albopictus (11.06%). Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus coexisted in some of the examined paddles. No significant differences were observed between the type of school and the presence of Aedes larvae. Significant differences were observed between total number of mosquito larvae and months of collection.

CONCLUSION: The presence of Aedes mosquitoes in schools evidently shows that continuous vector surveillance in schools is necessary as this information will help in the formulation of proactive vector control activities, thereby preventing the occurrence of mosquito-borne diseases.

Epidemiologic Methods ; Humans ; Population Surveillance ; Public Health

By analysis on the risk management regulations and the situation of medical device after the product on the market, information list of problems and risk analysis process of the production and after-production were described, simultaneously, the suggestions were put forward to risk management after the product on the market, with the aim of providing reference for manufacturers and administrators.
Equipment Safety ; Product Surveillance, Postmarketing ; Risk Management

European Union (EU) medical device supervision system is more complete, has a lot of experiences and characteristics worth learning. This paper introduces a brief overview of the process of medical devices market in the EU, including three core medical device directives, process of obtaining CE mark, medical devices vigilance system and supervision after obtaining the CE mark, etc. Simultaneously, preliminary enlightenments of the EU medical devices supervision to our national medical devices' technical review process are discussed with the aim of providing reference for supervision, technical review unit and manufacturer.
Device Approval ; European Union ; Product Surveillance, Postmarketing

China ; Disease ; Humans ; Public Health Surveillance ; methods

Regarding the information collected, analysis and actions that have been taken, the issues in the process of the Post-market Surveillance for Medical Device were analyzed, and some suggestions were given at the same time.
Equipment Safety ; Equipment and Supplies ; Product Surveillance, Postmarketing

In step with the widespread use of antimicrobial agents in medical treatment, microbial substitution and emergence of new drug-resistant bacteria have become life-threatening problem today. Both have resulted from the postopreative practice of administering prophylactic medication and long-term, desultory drug administration. Drug-resistant microbes can occur easily with the inadequate use of drug. Therefore, our hospital has held in check the incidence of drug-resistant microbial infection by letting ICT members make the rounds of the wards and go over the notifications of the prescription of specific antimicrobial agents and the reports on drug-resistant bacteria. At the begiing, the notification and the report were filed separately. Recently, the information obtained from thses two channels has become easier of access because all the necessary data appear on the same screen at once by using patients' IDs. We believe that the streamlining of work and putting two kinds of data together have proved very usefull for infection control, as it has become possible to keep careful watch over the use of specific antimicrobial agents and the detection of drug-resistant microorganism simulataneously. By sharing the information obtained by us with all the rest on the hospital staff, we will continue to make efforts along this line and contribute toward the prevention of the outbreak of nosocomial infections as well as community-acquired ones.
Microorganism ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Medical Surveillance ; microbial ; Bacterial

Environmental Pollutants ; Humans ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls ; Population Surveillance

This article analyzes common problems and offers some suggestions on full life-cycle supervision and administration process of diagnostics, including premarket technical evaluations, pre-market QMS on-site inspections, postmarket adverse event surveillance, unannounced inspections and re-evaluation, from regulators' perspectives. It aims to provide technical reference for revisions on regulations, and help government administrators to figure out major points in daily regulatory practice.
Diagnosis ; Equipment and Supplies ; Product Surveillance, Postmarketing