PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to develop an intraoperative navigation system as the first step toward image-guided surgery and robotic surgery, and to evaluate its accuracy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The navigation system was composed of an optical tracking system (Polaris, Northern Digital) and a personal computer. The registration error and target localization error of fiducial registration and surface registration were measured using a phantom. Each of the errors was measured 30 times, and the average values and the standard deviations were calculated. RESULTS: The registration error was 0.84 +/- 0.28 mm at fiducial registration and 0.81 +/- 0.21 mm at surface registration. The target localization error was 1.54 +/- 0.34 mm at fiducial registration and 1.46 +/- 0.32 mm at surface registration. CONCLUSION: We have developed an intraoperative navigation system using an optical tracker, and could assure ourselves that its accuracy is adequate for many orthopaedic surgeries. However, it still requires improvement in the accuracy and development of specific software and instruments for various operations.
Microcomputers ; Surgery, Computer-Assisted

The author herein reviews recent series of projects aimed at developing computer- and robot-assisted otological surgery. The author's team and its collaborating institutions have developed devices for image-guided surgery and robots for otological procedures. The accumulation of user-oriented research resulted in developing a unique robotic system of human-robot collaborative control, which is the system that restricts the surgeon's hand only if surrounding structures are in danger of injury. Thus, as many other fields in the surgery, otological procedures can also be assisted by computers and robots that provide objective and patient-specific anatomical information during surgery.
Hand ; Surgery, Computer-Assisted

No abstract available.
Surgery, Computer-Assisted*

No abstract available.
Surgery, Computer-Assisted*

In neurosurgery, skull repair caused by surgical approach is one of the important research contents. In this paper, a rapid reconstruction method of the skull defect with optical navigation system is proposed. This method can automatically reconstruct the structure of skull defect with the intraoperative defect edge points and preoperative medical image data. The head model experiment was used to evaluate the effect of the method, the average error of the reconstruction of the defect in the right orbit was 0.424 mm, while the average error of the reconstruction of the defect in the posterior skull base was 0.377 mm. The experimental results show that the structure of the defect is consistent with the actual defect, and the reconstruction accuracy satisfies the clinical requirements in neurosurgery.
Craniotomy ; Surgery, Computer-Assisted

Virtual reality is the multi-dimensional sensorial environment produced by the computer, Users can play a part in this virtual environment by particular tools. This technology, possessing the characteristics of being lifelike, interactive and imaginative, plays more and more important part in the medical field. For example, in medical training, in physical and psychological treatments, this technology is of great value.
Computer Simulation ; Computer-Assisted Instruction ; General Surgery ; education ; methods ; Humans ; Surgery, Computer-Assisted ; User-Computer Interface

PURPOSE: Recently implant surgical guides were used for accurate and atraumatic operation. In this study, the accuracy of two different types of surgical guides, positioning device fabricated and stereolithography fabricated surgical guides, were evaluated in four different types of tooth loss models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Surgical guides were fabricated with stereolithography and positioning device respectively. Implants were placed on 40 models using the two different types of surgical guides. The fitness of the surgical guides was evaluated by measuring the gap between the surgical guide and the model. The accuracy of surgical guide was evaluated on a pre- and post-surgical CT image fusion. RESULTS: The gap between the surgical guide and the model was 1.4 +/- 0.3 mm and 0.4 +/- 0.3 mm for the stereolithography and positioning device surgical guide, respectively. The stereolithography showed mesiodistal angular deviation of 3.9 +/- 1.6degrees, buccolingual angular deviation of 2.7 +/- 1.5degrees and vertical deviation of 1.9 +/- 0.9 mm, whereas the positioning device showed mesiodistal angular deviation of 0.7 +/- 0.3degrees, buccolingual angular deviation of 0.3 +/- 0.2degrees and vertical deviation of 0.4 +/- 0.2 mm. The differences were statistically significant between the two groups (P<.05). CONCLUSION: The laboratory fabricated surgical guides using a positioning device allow implant placement more accurately than the stereolithography surgical guides in dental clinic.
Dental Clinics ; Surgery, Computer-Assisted ; Tooth Loss

OBJECTIVE: Two-dimensional fluoroscopy-based computerized navigation for the placement of pedicle screws offers the advantage of using stored patient-specific imaging data in providing real-time guidance during screw placement. The study aimed to describe the accuracy and reliability of a fluoroscopy-based navigation system for pedicle screw insertion. METHODS: A total of 477 pedicle screws were inserted in the lower back of 96 consecutive patients between October 2007 and June 2012 using fluoroscopy-based computer-assisted surgery. The accuracy of screw placement was evaluated using a sophisticated computed tomography protocol. RESULTS: Of the 477 pedicle screws, 461 (96.7%) were judged to be inserted correctly. Frank screw misplacement [16 screws (3.3%)] was observed in 15 patients. Of these, 8 were classified as minimally misplaced (< or =2 mm); 3, as moderately misplaced (2.1-4 mm); and 5, as severely misplaced (>4 mm). No complications, including nerve root injury, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, or internal organ injury, were observed in any of the patients. CONCLUSION: The accuracy of pedicle screw placement using a fluoroscopy-based computer navigation system was observed to be superior to that obtained with conventional techniques.
Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Humans ; Surgery, Computer-Assisted

Dental Implantation ; Humans ; Surgery, Computer-Assisted

New surgical techniques utilizing computer-aided engineering have been recently developed to improve the quality of surgery and reduce the risk to patients. This paper reports the surgical cases using rapid prototyping assisted orthopeadic fracture surgery (RPAOFS). RPAOFS utilizes the symmetric characteristics of the human body, and the potential for RE and RP in which the physical shape is manufactured repidly from the CT data. The physical shape before the injury was manufactured from the RP using the mirror transformed CAD data of the uninjured extents. Subsequently, pre-operative planning, such as the selection of the proper implant, preforming of the implant, selection of the fixation positions, and surgery are performed utilizing the physical shape. RPAOFS was applied to two cases such as a distal tibia communited fracture and a proximal tibia plateau fracture. The surgical results showed that RPAOFS is an effective surgical tools.
Human Body ; Humans ; Surgery, Computer-Assisted ; Tibia