Autologous fat is commonly used filling material in plastic surgery for filling and shaping of soft tissue, which has the advantages of simple material obtaining,quick operation and good shaping.The paper has reviewed the theoretical basis of facial fat filling,autologous fat survival research,transplantation of stem cells,fat compartment, autologous fat transplantation,complications and treatment measures of fat transplantation in order to provide the basis for further development and application of autologous fat transplantation.