BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Xpert MTB/RIF (Cepheid, USA) in the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and to determine rifampin resistance. METHODS: The literature review covered the period from 16 August 2011 to 1 October 2011, and eight domestic databases and foreign databases including Ovid-Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library were used. Key words, such as 'Rifampin, Polymerase Chain Reaction,' 'GeneXpert' and 'Xpert MTB-RIF' were used to search a total of 1,385 documents. The SIGN (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network) tool was used to evaluate the quality of the 20 selected studies. RESULTS: Test accuracy for the detection of M. tuberculosis was assessed on the basis of 20 studies using the M. tuberculosis culture test as the reference standard. The acid-fast bacteria smearing test had a sensitivity in the range of 0.69-1.00, specificity in the range of 0.72-1.00 and test accuracy in the range of 0.75-1.00. Test accuracy regarding rifampin resistance was assessed on the basis of 17 studies. Using an anti-tuberculosis agent sensitivity test as the reference standard, the sensitivity, specificity and test accuracy of real-time, nested PCR were in the ranges of 0.75-1.00, 0.96-1.00 and 0.95-1.00, respectively. CONCLUSION: Xpert MTB/RIF is a useful test for patients suspected of having rifampin-resistant tuberculosis.
Bacteria ; Humans ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rifampin* ; Tuberculosis*

Regular exercise and a certain level of physical activity reduce the mortality rate in the elderly. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of physical activity on the prevention of fracture in the middle aged or older in Korea. The basic data are based on the Ansan and Ansung community cohort studies of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2001, and the fracture data from the third survey in 2005 to the sixth survey in 2011. The physical activity of the aged in the 40s was mostly distributed in the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended range of 7.5 to 30.0 metabolic equivalent·hr/wk, and the activity was gradually divided into the low and high groups in the 50s and 60s. In the 60s, the risk of fracture was reduced to 0.63 times compared to that of the 50s when physical activity was the recommended level (odds ratio, 0.63; p<0.001). For Korean adults, there was no significant difference in fracture incidence according to the amount of physical activity in the middle-aged people. However, for the elderly aged 60 and over, the risk of fracture decreased when the WHO recommended level of activity was performed, and the risk increased when less or more activities were performed.
Adult* ; Aged ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Cohort Studies* ; Epidemiology ; Fractures, Bone ; Genome ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Middle Aged ; Mortality ; Motor Activity* ; World Health Organization

BACKGROUND: Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) has been shown to cause health problems. Recent studies demonstrated an association of SHS with depression and poor mental health. The urinary cotinine concentration (Ucot) is an objective indicator of exposure to SHS. In this study, we evaluated the association between depression and Ucot in adult non-smokers adults in Korea. METHODS: We analyzed the data of 3,417 adults, aged ≥19 years, who participated in the seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016). The eligible subjects were non-smokers. Depression was evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The subjects were dichotomized into two groups: the high depressive symptom group (PHQ-9 ≥10 [n=185]) and the low depressive symptom group (PHQ-9 <10 [n=3,232]). The demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical characteristics of the subjects were retrieved from the survey data. Ucot was dichotomized into high-Ucot (≥10 ng/mL) and low-Ucot (<10 ng/mL). The Ucot and other characteristics were compared between the two groups. To adjust for confounding variables, we conducted a logistic regression analysis and determined the difference in Ucot between the two groups. RESULTS: After adjusting for confounders, the high depressive symptom group was found to be associated with high-Ucot (odds ratio, 1.824; 95% confidence interval, 1.020–3.262). Sex, education, socioeconomic status, marital status, occupational status, limitation of activity, and the presence of an underlying diseases (diabetes and dyslipidemia) had a significant effect on depression. CONCLUSIONS: This concluded that depression was associated with high urine cotinine level in adult non-smokers.
Adult ; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) ; Cotinine ; Depression ; Education ; Employment ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Marital Status ; Mental Health ; Nutrition Surveys ; Social Class ; Tobacco ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution

Biliary adenofibroma is a rare tumor with a bile duct origin characterized by a complex tubulocystic non-mucin secreting biliary epithelium with abundant fibrous stroma. The MRI features of biliary adenofibroma are not well established. The authors encountered two patients with biliary adenofibroma and reviewed the literature focusing on the MRI findings. A well-circumscribed multicystic tumor with septal enhancement and no intrahepatic bile duct communication may be the characteristic MRI findings of biliary adenofibroma.
Adenofibroma ; Bile Ducts ; Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic ; Epithelium ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging

BACKGROUND: Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) has been shown to cause health problems. Recent studies demonstrated an association of SHS with depression and poor mental health. The urinary cotinine concentration (Ucot) is an objective indicator of exposure to SHS. In this study, we evaluated the association between depression and Ucot in adult non-smokers adults in Korea. METHODS: We analyzed the data of 3,417 adults, aged ≥19 years, who participated in the seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016). The eligible subjects were non-smokers. Depression was evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The subjects were dichotomized into two groups: the high depressive symptom group (PHQ-9 ≥10 [n=185]) and the low depressive symptom group (PHQ-9 <10 [n=3,232]). The demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical characteristics of the subjects were retrieved from the survey data. Ucot was dichotomized into high-Ucot (≥10 ng/mL) and low-Ucot (<10 ng/mL). The Ucot and other characteristics were compared between the two groups. To adjust for confounding variables, we conducted a logistic regression analysis and determined the difference in Ucot between the two groups. RESULTS: After adjusting for confounders, the high depressive symptom group was found to be associated with high-Ucot (odds ratio, 1.824; 95% confidence interval, 1.020–3.262). Sex, education, socioeconomic status, marital status, occupational status, limitation of activity, and the presence of an underlying diseases (diabetes and dyslipidemia) had a significant effect on depression. CONCLUSIONS This concluded that depression was associated with high urine cotinine level in adult non-smokers.

beyond physiological levels can lead to vertical dimension loss, occlusal imbalance, temporomandibular joint disorders, and periodontal disease. In such cases, prosthodontic restoration becomes necessary emphasizing the importance of appropriate vertical dimension increase and stable occlusion in central relation (CR).In this case, a 74-year-old patient with clenching and grinding habit had severe teeth wear and after assessing interocclusal distance, wear degree, pronunciation, and facial profile, it was decided to perform full-mouth fixed prosthesis restoration with a 4 mm vertical dimension increase. And the significantly displaced Maximum Intercuspal Position (MICP) caused by parafunctional movements was re-established as a stable mutually protective occlusal relationship at centric relation and after a successful 4 months adaptation to provisional restorations, the final prosthesis was fabricated. During 4months of observation periods, stable occlusion in central relation and mutual protection occlusal relationships were maintained and the patient was satisfied with function and aesthetics, leading to this report.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the differences in factors associated with albuminuria according to gender and comorbidities of hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS: We included 3,859 participants aged 20 to 79 years (55% female) from the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants were excluded if they took antihypertensive or anti-diabetic medication, had chronic renal failure, had malignant tumor, were pregnant or menstruating during the health examination, or had missing urine albumin data. Albuminuria was defined by the participant's urine albumin-creatinine ratio (uACR). Relationships between dependent and independent variables were analyzed using the Pearson's correlation test and simple linear regression. Due to possible muticollinearity, multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine whether the association between the dependent and independent variables of interest remained significant after adjustment for other potentially confounding independent variables. RESULTS: The variables significantly correlated with uACR were different between the genders and between subjects with HTN or DM as a comorbidity. In the multiple linear regression models, hemoglobin A1c (P=0.01) was positively associated with uACR in men without HTN and DM. In men with HTN or DM, systolic blood pressure and fasting glucose (P<0.01) were positively associated with uACR. In women with HTN or DM, waist circumference (P=0.011) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (P<0.001) were positively correlated with uACR (P<0.05) and glucose level (P=0.019) was negatively correlated with uACR. CONCLUSION: The study suggested factors correlated with albuminuria were different for men and women according to comorbidities such as HTN and DM.
Albuminuria* ; Blood Pressure ; Comorbidity* ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Fasting ; Female ; gamma-Glutamyltransferase ; Gender Identity ; Glucose ; Humans ; Hypertension* ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Korea ; Linear Models ; Male ; Nutrition Surveys ; Waist Circumference

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate silver in situ hybridization (SISH) as an effective test to identify HER2 gene amplification in patients with breast cancer. METHODS: A systematic literature review was used to evaluate the effectiveness of SISH. The literature review covered from October 27, 2009 to December 1, 2009, and eight domestic databases including KoreaMed and foreign databases including Ovid-MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were used. Keywords, such as 'silver in situ hybridization' and 'SISH', were used to search 63 documents. Ten studies regarding the evaluation of diagnostics were included in the final evaluation. The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) tool was used by two evaluators to independently evaluate the quality of the ten studies. RESULTS: A total of ten studies (nine diagnostic evaluation studies and one correlation study) were identified to evaluate SISH. The effectiveness of this test was evaluated based on diagnostic accuracy, concordance rate, and correlation with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) results. The sensitivity of SISH was 0.81-1.00, and the specificity was 0.82-1.00. The positive predictive value was 0.95-1.00, negative predictive value was 0.81-1.00, and the test accuracy was 0.90-1.00. The concordance rate of SISH was 87.0-100% and two studies reported a correlation with FISH results. The body of evidence as a whole suggests a Grade D for SISH. CONCLUSION: SISH is a safe and useful procedure in patients with breast cancer and at least grade D evidence based on existing positive studies.
Predictive Value of Tests ; Breast Neoplasms

PURPOSE: We investigated the outcome and the prognostic factors of patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer who were treated with concurrent chemo-radiotherapy. Materials and METHODS: Two hundred forty six patients with esophageal cancer that were treated by radiotherapy between January 1994 and July 2007. Of these, 78 patients who received radiotherapy of > or =45 Gy with concurrent chemotherapy were retrospectively enrolled in this study. We included patients stages IIA, IIB, III, IVA, and IVB with supraclavicular metastasis in the middle/lower esophageal cancer or celiac node metastasis in cervical or upper/middle thoracic esophageal cancer. The median radiation dose was 54 Gy and the combination chemotherapy with 5-FU and cisplatin (FP chemotherapy) was given concurrently with radiotherapy in most patients (88%). RESULTS: The follow-up period ranged from 2 to 117 months (median 14 months). The treatment response of the 54 patients could be evaluated by computerized tomography or endoscopy. A complete response (CR) was observed in 17 patients, whereas a partial response was observed in 18 patients. In patients with a CR, the median recurrence time was 20 months and the first relapse sites constituted a locoregional failure in 3 patients and a distant failure in 7 patients. The 1-, 2-, and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates were 58.9%, 21.7%, and 12.2%, respectively. The median survival period was 14 months. A univariate analysis indicated that the treatment response and cycles of FP chemotherapy were significant prognostic factors for OS. Daily or weekly administration of cisplatin as a radiosensitizer showed a better treatment response than FP chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: This study has shown that results of concurrent chemo-radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer is comparable to those of other studies. Daily or weekly cisplatin administration may be considered as an alternative treatment in patients that are medically unfit for FP chemotherapy.
Cisplatin ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Endoscopy ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; Fluorouracil ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Glutaraldehyde (GA) has been used as a representative method of tissue preservation in cardiovascular surgery. However, GA has showed limited durability including calcification, mechanical failure and toxicity. To overcome those unsolved problems, we analyzed the crosslinking differences of primary amines, GA and genipin in their mechanical and biochemical properties with a single or double crosslinking agent for clinical application. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Samples were divided into 3 groups; control, single crosslinking fixation and double crosslinking fixation after decellurarization using bovine pericardium. For analysis of the biochemical and mechanical properties of each crosslinking method, tensile strength, percentage strain, thermal stability, resistance to pronase, nynhydrin and cytotoxicity test were studied. RESULTS: Combined hexamethylene diamine and suberic acid in the carbodiimide hydrochloride/N-hydroxysucinimide solution (EDC/NHS) after decellurarization, tensile strength and strain percentage were not statistically significant compared to the single crosslinking treated groups (p>0.05). Tissue crosslinking stability was weak in single treatment of diphenylphosphoryl azide, suberic acid, low concentration of EDC, hexamethylene diamine and procyanidin groups, but thermal stability and resistance to the pronase and ninhydrin were markedly increased in concentrated EDC/NHS or after combined double treatment with low concentration of GA or genipin (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Single or double crosslinking with low concentration of carbodiimide, diphenylphosphonyl azide, procyanidin, suberic acid and hexane diamine were not as effective in mechanical, biochemical, cytotoxic and crosslinking properties compared to GA or genipin fixation, but their mechanical and chemical properties were much improved when combined with low concentrations of GA or genipin in the double crosslinking process.
Amines ; Azides ; Biflavonoids ; Bioprosthesis ; Caprylates ; Catechin ; Dicarboxylic Acids ; Glutaral ; Iridoids ; Ninhydrin ; Pericardium ; Proanthocyanidins ; Pronase ; Sprains and Strains ; Tensile Strength ; Tissue Preservation