Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized the global landscape of technology beyond natural language processing. Owing to their extensive pre-training on vast datasets, contemporary LLMs can handle tasks ranging from general functionalities to domain-specific areas, such as radiology, without additional fine-tuning. General-purpose chatbots based on LLMs can optimize the efficiency of radiologists in terms of their professional work and research endeavors. Importantly, these LLMs are on a trajectory of rapid evolution, wherein challenges such as “hallucination,” high training cost, and efficiency issues are addressed, along with the inclusion of multimodal inputs. In this review, we aim to offer conceptual knowledge and actionable guidance to radiologists interested in utilizing LLMs through a succinct overview of the topic and a summary of radiology-specific aspects, from the beginning to potential future directions.

Background: Previous studies on the epidemiology and complications of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) were conducted in Western countries and in children/adolescents. We aimed to explore the epidemiology of CAH, as well as the risk of comorbidities and mortality, in a Korean nationwide case-control study. Methods: CAH patients (n=2,840) were included between 2002 and 2017 from the National Health Insurance Service database and the Rare Intractable Disease program. CAH patients were compared, at a 1:10 ratio, with age-, sex-, and index year-matched controls (n=28,400). Results: The point prevalence of CAH patients in Korea was 1 in 18,745 persons in 2017. The annual incidence rate declined between 2003 and 2017 from 3.25 to 0.41 per 100,000 persons. CAH patients were at elevated risk for cardiovascular disease (odds ratio [OR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4 to 1.9), stroke (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.0), diabetes mellitus (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 2.6 to 3.1), dyslipidemia (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 2.2 to 2.6), and psychiatric disorders (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.3 to 1.6). Fracture risk increased in CAH patients aged over 40 years (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.7). CAH patients were at higher risk of mortality than controls (hazard ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.0). Conclusion Our nationwide study showed a recent decline in the incidence of CAH and an elevated risk for cardiovascular, metabolic, skeletal, and psychiatric disorders in CAH patients. Lifelong management for comorbidity risk is a crucial component of treating CAH patients.

A 43 year-old female patient suffered the sudden onset of pulsatile tinnitus in the left ear 2 months ago. The tinnitus did not subside spontaneously and remained unchanged. The patient had no history of head trauma or surgery of the head and neck. The character of the tinnitus was pulsatile, and it was synchronous with the heart beat. Audiologic examinations were performed and all of the results were normal. Computed tomography with angiography was performed and evidence of an arterio-venous fistula (AVF) was found. 4-vessel angiography was performed to confirm the dural AVF between the external carotid artery and sigmoid sinus. Embolization of the feeder-vessels was done under a fluoroscope and 70% of the fistula flow was controlled after embolization and the tinnitus totally subsided during the embolization.
Angiography ; Arteriovenous Fistula ; Carotid Artery, External ; Colon, Sigmoid ; Craniocerebral Trauma ; Ear ; Female ; Fistula* ; Head ; Heart ; Humans ; Neck ; Tinnitus*

Porocarcinoma (PC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) are distinct skin cancers. Few studies have documented the occurrence of two concurrent types of skin cancers, and to the best of our knowledge, this represents the inaugural report of such a coexisting lesion arising from a capillary malformation. Herein, we report a case of concurrent PC and BCC presenting with capillary malformation. A 93-year-old woman visited our hospital with a protruding mass in her right nasal ala that appeared as a capillary malformation. A biopsy was performed on the skin lesion, and BCC was diagnosed. A wide excision was performed. Permanent biopsy revealed that the skin lesion was a PC with basal cells and squamous differentiation. The safety margin of the deep tissue margin was < 0.1 cm; however, considering the advanced age of the patient, further excision was deemed to not possess any benefits. This case illustrates the importance of recognizing the possibility of multiple skin cancers, even in patients with benign lesions such as capillary malformations. The rarity of this presentation highlights the importance of thorough investigation and histopathological examination of skin lesions in guiding appropriate surgical excision.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of decision tree for the classification of antimicrobial peptides. The classification was based on the activities of known antimicrobial peptides against common microbes including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. A feature selection was employed to select an effective subset of features from available attribute sets.Sequential applications of decision tree with 17 nodes with 9 leaves and 13 nodes with 7 leaves provided the classification rates of 76.74% and 74.66% against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Angle subtended by positively charged face and the positive charge commonly gave higher accuracies in both E. coli and S. aureus datasets. In this study, we describe a successful application of decision tree that provides the understanding of the effects of physicochemical characteristics of peptides on bacterial membrane.
Classification* ; Dataset ; Decision Trees* ; Escherichia coli ; Membranes ; Peptides ; Staphylococcus aureus

Alveolar Bone Loss ; Alveolar Process ; Alveolar Ridge Augmentation ; Bone Regeneration ; Dentistry ; Female ; Humans ; Inlays ; Mandible ; Osteoblasts ; Osteogenesis ; Osteogenesis, Distraction ; Polytetrafluoroethylene ; Titanium ; Transplants