Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are CD117-positive primary mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and they have a characteristic set of morphologic features. GISTs have been noted to have a possible non-random association with neurofibromatosis-1 (NF-1, von Recklinghausen disease). We report here on a case of multiple GISTs with abundant skenoid fiber in the jejunum of a 47-year-old woman, and this condition was accompanied with NF-1. The tumor cells coexpressed smooth muscle actin, S-100 protein, CD117 and CD34. These immunohistochemical results are extremely rare findings for GISTs accompanying with NF-1. We think this is the first report of GISTs arising within NF-1 with the dual immunohistochemical differentiation of neuronal and muscular markers.
Actins ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors* ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Humans ; Jejunum ; Middle Aged ; Muscle, Smooth ; Neurofibromatoses ; Neurofibromatosis 1* ; Neurons ; S100 Proteins*

PURPOSE: This study aims to review the appropriateness of the issued death certificates and autopsy reports and to evaluate the improvement points of these documents in accordance with the guidelines of the Korean Medical Association and the National Statistical Office. Moreover, this study also examines why the guideline is necessary for the credibility of these documents. METHODS: The death certificates and autopsy reports written by a training hospital were analyzed for a 12-month period, between December 2014 and November 2015. The reference to analysis was the “guidelines to medical certificate 2015” written by the Korean Medical Association, “World Health Organization (WHO) death certificate principle”, and “guideline leaflet,” as provided by the National Statistical Office. Two researchers analyzed the documents that were against the guidelines, and suggested improvement points. The analyzed variables were age, sex, issued date, direct cause of death, manner of death, location of death, and types of accident. The primary goal was to see the rate of issued documents written correctly according to the guidelines and to suggest possible improvement points. The secondary goal was to analyze the reason for accordance and discordance between researchers. RESULTS: There were a total of 603 death certificates and autopsy reports issued during the research period; 562 (93.2%) and 41 (6.8%) cases, respectively. As for the manner of death, 521 cases were “death from disease,” 64 were “external causes,” and 18 were “others or unknown” (86.4%, 10.6%, and 3.0%, respectively). As for the issued department, internal medicine and emergency medicine issued 301 (49.9%) and 126 (20.9%) documents, respectively. Of these, 139 (23.1%) cases were regarded to be in accordance with the guidelines, while 304 (50.4%) were considered to be discordant cases. Among the discordant cases, there were 177 (29.4%) cases that were the mode of death directly written to cause of death. As for the records of “period of occurrence to death” were recorded only 70 (11.7%) cases (including “unknown” 65 cases) and the others were blank. The Kappa number of analysis regarding the evaluation correspondence of the two researchers was 0.44 (95% confidence interval, 0.38 to 0.51). CONCLUSION: The most frequent error was ‘the condition of death to direct cause of death’ with the ratio of 29.4%. This may have been because the rate of concordance between the researchers based on the guidelines was not high enough. There is a need to provide specific guidelines for each case, and also promote and educate regarding significant errors.
Autopsy ; Cause of Death ; Death Certificates* ; Emergency Medicine ; Internal Medicine ; Medical Errors ; Observational Study*

PURPOSE: Abdominal computed tomography (CT) is a widely recognized method to diagnose patients with acute abdominal pain in the emergency departments (EDs). We aimed to investigate the current state and interpretations of abdominal CT performed in the ED of a tertiary university hospital. METHODS: This was a retrospective study based on an abdominal CT database and medical records of patients over 15 years of age, who had visited our ED between January 1 and December 31, 2013. The data collected included CT types, final interpretations, characteristics of the patients, and location of pain at the time of CT. RESULTS: A total of 1,978 abdominal CTs were performed among 1,923 patients during the research period. The most frequent organs involved in the major diagnosis were those in the urinary system, followed by the appendix, liver, large intestine, and gallbladder. The most frequently interpreted diagnoses in these organs were in the order of urinary stone, appendicitis, liver cirrhosis, infectious colitis, and acute cholecystitis. The most frequent location of pain was the right lower quadrant (429 cases, 21.7%), and the most frequently performed CT types were contrast-enhanced abdominal and pelvic CT (1,260 cases, 63.7%). CONCLUSION: Various interpretations were derived based on the abdominal CTs, ranging from critical to mild diseases and from common to rare diseases. Based on this study, we have developed a preliminary interpretation checklist for abdominal CTs.
Abdominal Pain ; Appendicitis ; Appendix ; Checklist* ; Cholecystitis, Acute ; Colitis ; Diagnosis ; Emergencies* ; Emergency Service, Hospital* ; Gallbladder ; Humans ; Intestine, Large ; Liver ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Medical Records ; Methods ; Rare Diseases ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Urinary Calculi

Objective: The Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) guidelines have been associated with reduced mortality in sepsis patients. On the other hand, previous studies were performed using the Sepsis-2 definitions and past guidelines. This study assessed the association between compliance with the 2016 SSC guidelines and the outcomes of patients with sepsis and septic shock in accordance with the latest Sepsis-3 definitions. Methods: Three hundred and fifteen patients with sepsis and septic shock were enrolled in this study. The patients were stratified according to their compliance with the SSC guidelines bundle. The characteristics and outcomes of the compliance and non-compliance groups were compared. In the overall patients, the risk factors for all-cause mortality were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. Results: Among the patients, 172 and 143 patients were in the compliance group and non-compliance group, respectively. The baseline characteristics and disease severity were similar in the two groups. The all-cause mortality rates were 27.3% and 38.5% in the compliance group and non-compliance group, respectively (P=0.035). The all-cause mortality was significantly lower in the compliance group than in the non-compliance group (log-rank test, P=0.025). The risk factors for the all-cause mortality were age (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.025; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.008-1.042; P=0.004), septic shock (aHR, 3.14; 95% CI, 1.98-4.98; P<0.001), and lactate levels (aHR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.03-1.14; P=0.002). The overall compliance with the guidelines protected against all-cause mortality (aHR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.45-0.98; P=0.040). Conclusion Compliance with the SSC guidelines bundle was associated with a lower all-cause mortality among patients with sepsis and septic shock

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the effect of rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) on patient management in an emergency department for 3 years after 2009, and also identified factors associated with the choice of treatment for patients with influenza-like illnesses.METHODS: The study period consisted of three influenza epidemic seasons. Patients older than 15 years who underwent RIDTs in the emergency department and were then discharged without admission were included.RESULTS: A total of 453 patients were enrolled, 114 of whom had positive RIDT results and 339 had negative results. Antiviral medication was prescribed to 103 patients (90.4%) who had positive RIDT results, while 1 patient (0.3%) who tested negative was treated with antivirals (P<0.001). Conservative care was administered to 11 RIDT-positive patients (9.6%) and 244 RIDT-negative patients (72.0%) (P<0.001). Symptom onset in less than 48 hours, being older than 65 years, and the presence of comorbidities were not associated with the administration of antiviral therapy.CONCLUSION: RIDT results had a critical effect on physician decision-making regarding antiviral treatment for patients with influenza-like illnesses in the emergency department. However, symptom onset in less than 48 hours, old age, and comorbidities, which are all indications for antiviral therapy, were not found to influence the administration of antiviral treatment.
Antiviral Agents ; Comorbidity ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; Emergencies ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Humans ; Influenza, Human ; Seasons

Background: According to the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic experience, many emergency departments experience difficulties in responding to emerging infectious diseases and this has led to a public health crisis. Our emergency department (ED) is designed to respond to mass outbreaks of infection. Three major preparations were taken to respond to infectious disease; first, to improve the emergency department facilities;second, to created programs to respond to each phase of an epidemic of COVID-19; lastly, to implemented education and training to promote the safety of medical staff. We would like to share the actual responses and statistics of patients visiting emergency department during COVID-19 periods of pandemic. Materials and Methods: This research was conducted through a retrospective chart analysis provided by a public medical center with 502 beds since the first report of a COVID-19 confirmed case on January 19, 2020 to June 15, 2020 in Seoul, the capital of Korea. Our emergency department was designed based on Korean Regional Emergency Center Facility Standards, and modified throughout each phases of COVID-19 outbreak. Patients suspected to be infectious are screened in the triage, separating them from general patients, and then receive isolation treatment in isolated wards. Results: A total of 4,352 patients visited the ED. 3,202 screenings were conducted with 5 confirmed cases. Another 1,150 patients were treated with general emergent symptoms.There were no problems such as closure of the emergency department or isolation of medical staff while managing COVID-19 confirmed patients. Conclusion Improving emergency department facilities, create an operational program to respond to each phase of COVID-19 outbreak and implement educational programs enabled large number of screening tests and hospitalization for COVID-19 suspected patients while maintaining general medical services. Research in emergency department designs and operational programs should increase to combine research data with better ideas to respond not only during regular periods but also during periods of pandemic.

Background: According to the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic experience, many emergency departments experience difficulties in responding to emerging infectious diseases and this has led to a public health crisis. Our emergency department (ED) is designed to respond to mass outbreaks of infection. Three major preparations were taken to respond to infectious disease; first, to improve the emergency department facilities;second, to created programs to respond to each phase of an epidemic of COVID-19; lastly, to implemented education and training to promote the safety of medical staff. We would like to share the actual responses and statistics of patients visiting emergency department during COVID-19 periods of pandemic. Materials and Methods: This research was conducted through a retrospective chart analysis provided by a public medical center with 502 beds since the first report of a COVID-19 confirmed case on January 19, 2020 to June 15, 2020 in Seoul, the capital of Korea. Our emergency department was designed based on Korean Regional Emergency Center Facility Standards, and modified throughout each phases of COVID-19 outbreak. Patients suspected to be infectious are screened in the triage, separating them from general patients, and then receive isolation treatment in isolated wards. Results: A total of 4,352 patients visited the ED. 3,202 screenings were conducted with 5 confirmed cases. Another 1,150 patients were treated with general emergent symptoms.There were no problems such as closure of the emergency department or isolation of medical staff while managing COVID-19 confirmed patients. Conclusion Improving emergency department facilities, create an operational program to respond to each phase of COVID-19 outbreak and implement educational programs enabled large number of screening tests and hospitalization for COVID-19 suspected patients while maintaining general medical services. Research in emergency department designs and operational programs should increase to combine research data with better ideas to respond not only during regular periods but also during periods of pandemic.

Background: The objective of this study was to examine the effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on excess in-hospital mortality among patients who visited emergency departments (EDs) and to assess whether the excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic varies by community income level. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using the National Emergency Department Information System (NEDIS) database in Korea. The study population was defined as patients who visited all 402 EDs with medical conditions other than injuries between January 27 and May 31, 2020 (after-COVID) and for the corresponding time period in 2019 (before-COVID). The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. The main exposure was the COVID-19 outbreak, and the interaction variable was county per capita income tax. We calculated the risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality rates by COVID-19 outbreak, as well as the difference-in-difference of risk-adjusted rates between the before-COVID and after-COVID groups according to the county income tax using a multilevel linear regression model with the interaction term. Results: A total of 11,662,167 patients (6,765,717 in before-COVID and 4,896,450 in afterCOVID) were included in the study with a 1.6% crude in-hospital mortality rate. The riskadjusted mortality rate in the after-COVID group was higher than that in the before-COVID group (1.82% vs. 1.50%, difference: 0.31% [0.30 to 0.33]; adjusted odds ratio: 1.22 [1.18 to 1.25]). The excess in-hospital mortality rate of the after-COVID in the lowest quartile group of county income tax was significantly higher than that in the highest quartile group (difference-in-difference: 0.18% (0.14 to 0.23); P-for-interaction: < 0.01). Conclusion During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was excess in-hospital mortality among patients who visited EDs, and there were disparities in excess mortality depending on community socioeconomic positions.

Background: The objective of this study was to examine the effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on excess in-hospital mortality among patients who visited emergency departments (EDs) and to assess whether the excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic varies by community income level. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using the National Emergency Department Information System (NEDIS) database in Korea. The study population was defined as patients who visited all 402 EDs with medical conditions other than injuries between January 27 and May 31, 2020 (after-COVID) and for the corresponding time period in 2019 (before-COVID). The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. The main exposure was the COVID-19 outbreak, and the interaction variable was county per capita income tax. We calculated the risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality rates by COVID-19 outbreak, as well as the difference-in-difference of risk-adjusted rates between the before-COVID and after-COVID groups according to the county income tax using a multilevel linear regression model with the interaction term. Results: A total of 11,662,167 patients (6,765,717 in before-COVID and 4,896,450 in afterCOVID) were included in the study with a 1.6% crude in-hospital mortality rate. The riskadjusted mortality rate in the after-COVID group was higher than that in the before-COVID group (1.82% vs. 1.50%, difference: 0.31% [0.30 to 0.33]; adjusted odds ratio: 1.22 [1.18 to 1.25]). The excess in-hospital mortality rate of the after-COVID in the lowest quartile group of county income tax was significantly higher than that in the highest quartile group (difference-in-difference: 0.18% (0.14 to 0.23); P-for-interaction: < 0.01). Conclusion During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was excess in-hospital mortality among patients who visited EDs, and there were disparities in excess mortality depending on community socioeconomic positions.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the validity of Pre-Hospital stroke screening (PHSS) by 119 ambulance rescuers in Korea. METHODS: Patients at least 20 years old with presumed stroke were transported to six emergency medical centers and prospectively enrolled during a 12-month period. A total of 119 ambulance rescuers applied the Cincinnati Pre-Hospital Stroke Scale (CPHSS) and the Los Angeles Pre-Hospital Stroke Screen (LAPHSS). Emergency physicians (EPs) further assessed the patients with CPHSS and LAPHSS. The final diagnoses were divided into stroke and other disease categories through a review of hospital records. The sensitivity and specificity of the two screening tools were analyzed for predicting stroke. The CPHSS and LAPHSS scores from all patients were compared between the 119 ambulance rescuers and EPs. RESULTS: The 119 ambulance rescuers referred 348 suspected stroke patients, of whom 164(47.1%) had their stroke confirmed. For all kinds of stroke, the sensitivity and specificity of the CPHSS were 86.3%[95% confidence interval (CI) 58.6~76.1] and 65.9%(95% CI 57.0~74.0), respectively, and those of the LAPHSS were 70%(95% CI 61.0~78.0) and 67.8%(95% CI 58.6~76.1), respectively. The Kappa value between the 119 ambulance rescuers and EPs was k=0.619(95% CI 0.523~0.715) for the CPHSS and k=0.392(95% CI 0.275~0.510) for the LAPHSS. CONCLUSION: CPHSS and LAPSS performed by 119 ambulance rescuers had considerable validity in Korea.
Ambulances* ; Diagnosis ; Emergencies ; Emergency Medical Services ; Hospital Records ; Humans ; Korea ; Mass Screening ; Prospective Studies* ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Stroke*