Purpose: This paper proposes a method to convert the measurement of the humerus from conventional two-dimensional (2D) to threedimensional (3D) measurements and apply it to clinical environments for diagnosis and surgery to improve results. Materials and Methods: In the developed software application, reflection and registration functions were implemented to quantify the difference between both sides of the humerus. Consistent measurements of the humerus were taken by defining the reference axis based on the Principal Component Analysis and aligning the humerus model with respect to the reference axis. Subsequently, the length, volume, the largest cross-sectional area in the head and condyle region, the position ratio of the largest cross-sectional area compared to the longitudinal length in the head and condyle region, and length and angle measurement between markups determined in the head and condyle region were examined. In addition, the automatic extraction of the head and groove, landmarks of the humerus proximal, was implemented. This study applied 40 humerus models (20 males and 20 females) to evaluate the measurements and automatic landmarkdetermination methods for humerus. Results: The measurements by this software application could provide consistent measurements of the same humerus. In addition, the position ratio of the largest cross-sectional area compared to the longitudinal length in the head and condyle region, proposed through this study, provides a similar ratio regardless of gender and side. Conclusion The software application developed in this study could measure the humerus and analyze its shape using an objective, reliable, and automatic method in a 3D environment. If the results of this study are applied to real clinical trials, diagnosis, and surgery could be conducted based on objective measurements, and improved results would be achieved. In addition, the study method could be expanded to other fields, such as orthopedics.

Purpose: This paper proposes a method to convert the measurement of the humerus from conventional two-dimensional (2D) to threedimensional (3D) measurements and apply it to clinical environments for diagnosis and surgery to improve results. Materials and Methods: In the developed software application, reflection and registration functions were implemented to quantify the difference between both sides of the humerus. Consistent measurements of the humerus were taken by defining the reference axis based on the Principal Component Analysis and aligning the humerus model with respect to the reference axis. Subsequently, the length, volume, the largest cross-sectional area in the head and condyle region, the position ratio of the largest cross-sectional area compared to the longitudinal length in the head and condyle region, and length and angle measurement between markups determined in the head and condyle region were examined. In addition, the automatic extraction of the head and groove, landmarks of the humerus proximal, was implemented. This study applied 40 humerus models (20 males and 20 females) to evaluate the measurements and automatic landmarkdetermination methods for humerus. Results: The measurements by this software application could provide consistent measurements of the same humerus. In addition, the position ratio of the largest cross-sectional area compared to the longitudinal length in the head and condyle region, proposed through this study, provides a similar ratio regardless of gender and side. Conclusion The software application developed in this study could measure the humerus and analyze its shape using an objective, reliable, and automatic method in a 3D environment. If the results of this study are applied to real clinical trials, diagnosis, and surgery could be conducted based on objective measurements, and improved results would be achieved. In addition, the study method could be expanded to other fields, such as orthopedics.

Purpose: This paper proposes a method to convert the measurement of the humerus from conventional two-dimensional (2D) to threedimensional (3D) measurements and apply it to clinical environments for diagnosis and surgery to improve results. Materials and Methods: In the developed software application, reflection and registration functions were implemented to quantify the difference between both sides of the humerus. Consistent measurements of the humerus were taken by defining the reference axis based on the Principal Component Analysis and aligning the humerus model with respect to the reference axis. Subsequently, the length, volume, the largest cross-sectional area in the head and condyle region, the position ratio of the largest cross-sectional area compared to the longitudinal length in the head and condyle region, and length and angle measurement between markups determined in the head and condyle region were examined. In addition, the automatic extraction of the head and groove, landmarks of the humerus proximal, was implemented. This study applied 40 humerus models (20 males and 20 females) to evaluate the measurements and automatic landmarkdetermination methods for humerus. Results: The measurements by this software application could provide consistent measurements of the same humerus. In addition, the position ratio of the largest cross-sectional area compared to the longitudinal length in the head and condyle region, proposed through this study, provides a similar ratio regardless of gender and side. Conclusion The software application developed in this study could measure the humerus and analyze its shape using an objective, reliable, and automatic method in a 3D environment. If the results of this study are applied to real clinical trials, diagnosis, and surgery could be conducted based on objective measurements, and improved results would be achieved. In addition, the study method could be expanded to other fields, such as orthopedics.

Purpose: This paper proposes a method to convert the measurement of the humerus from conventional two-dimensional (2D) to threedimensional (3D) measurements and apply it to clinical environments for diagnosis and surgery to improve results. Materials and Methods: In the developed software application, reflection and registration functions were implemented to quantify the difference between both sides of the humerus. Consistent measurements of the humerus were taken by defining the reference axis based on the Principal Component Analysis and aligning the humerus model with respect to the reference axis. Subsequently, the length, volume, the largest cross-sectional area in the head and condyle region, the position ratio of the largest cross-sectional area compared to the longitudinal length in the head and condyle region, and length and angle measurement between markups determined in the head and condyle region were examined. In addition, the automatic extraction of the head and groove, landmarks of the humerus proximal, was implemented. This study applied 40 humerus models (20 males and 20 females) to evaluate the measurements and automatic landmarkdetermination methods for humerus. Results: The measurements by this software application could provide consistent measurements of the same humerus. In addition, the position ratio of the largest cross-sectional area compared to the longitudinal length in the head and condyle region, proposed through this study, provides a similar ratio regardless of gender and side. Conclusion The software application developed in this study could measure the humerus and analyze its shape using an objective, reliable, and automatic method in a 3D environment. If the results of this study are applied to real clinical trials, diagnosis, and surgery could be conducted based on objective measurements, and improved results would be achieved. In addition, the study method could be expanded to other fields, such as orthopedics.

PURPOSE: Late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) in aging males is a clinical and biochemical syndrome characterized by a decline in serum testosterone levels. LOH results in various physical and mental disabilities. We evaluated the relationship between serum testosterone levels and symptoms of LOH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During an andropause screening program, we examined responses to the Saint Louis university androgen deficiency in aging males (ADAM) questionnaire and results on the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) in terms of clinical symptoms and evaluated serum total testosterone levels for a biochemical diagnosis of LOH in healthy community-living volunteers aged over 40 years. RESULTS: The mean age of the 534 men was 59.1 years (range, 40 to 79 years), and their mean serum testosterone level was 464.1+/-171.9 ng/dL. The serum testosterone level decreased significantly with age. There was a 92.5% positive response rate to the ADAM questionnaire. The percentage of patients whose serum testosterone level was <350 ng/dL among those with a positive response to the ADAM questionnaire was 25.6% (137 patients). The mean serum testosterone level among patients with a positive or negative ADAM questionnaire was 472.4+/-198.5 ng/dL and 487.3+/-165.7 ng/dL, respectively (p>0.05). There was no significant correlation between IIEF-5 scores and serum testosterone levels. CONCLUSIONS: Among men over 40 years of age, 25.6% met the clinical and biochemical diagnostic criteria for LOH. There was no relationship between serum testosterone levels and symptoms of LOH.
Aged ; Aging ; Andropause ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Testosterone

No abstract available.
Nipples*

Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) is a rare condition defined as the dilatation of coronary artery to at least 1.5 times larger than the normal adjacent coronary artery. Clinical manifestations of CAE vary, ranging from asymptomatic to ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Because of its rarity and clinical diversity, the best treatment strategy and prognosis for CAE remain unclear. We describe a case of STEMI caused by intracoronary thrombus formation within an ectatic area in a patient with liver cirrhosis (LC). The patient was successfully managed by thrombus aspiration only, without balloon angioplasty or stent implantation, and maintained by dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and ticagrelor, a potent new P2Y12 inhibitor.
Angioplasty, Balloon ; Aspirin ; Coronary Vessels* ; Dilatation ; Dilatation, Pathologic ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis* ; Liver* ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors ; Prognosis ; Stents ; Thrombosis*

In Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, antibodies against strains of Orinentia tsutsugamushi, Kato, Karp and Gilliam, were produced in order to investigate their longevity and cross-reactivities to their corresponding homologous and heterologous antigens. By immunofluorescence assay (IFA) of IgG and IgM, it was shown that the immunity to the homologous strains persisted at a higher level (longevity of at least 34 weeks with higher IFA titers). On the other hand, the immunity to the heterologous strains persisted at a lower level (longevity of 10 to 34 weeks with lower IFA titers). Since infection with one strain of O. tsutsugamushi does not preclude reinfection with other strains, understanding of the antigenic diversity of O. tsutsugamushi and duration of the immunity to both homologous and heterologous strain is very important in diagnosis of scrub typhus.
Animals ; Antibodies* ; Antigenic Variation ; Antigens, Heterophile ; Diagnosis ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Hand ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M ; Longevity* ; Orientia tsutsugamushi* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley* ; Scrub Typhus

Purpose: To compare the vessel density (VD) and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area using four different optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images. Methods: This prospective study analyzed the OCTA images of consecutive healthy subjects using Plex-Elite (Carl Zeiss), DRI OCT-1 Atlantis (Topcon), AngioPlex (Carl Zeiss), and Spectralis OCTA (Heidelberg Engineering). The VD and FAZ areas were calculated using the OCTA images with a 3 x 3 mm2 volume scan pattern centered on the fovea. Results: The VD (%) of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) were different using the four devices: Plex-Elite (42.17 ± 2.79, 43.71 ± 2.36), DRI OCT-1 Atlantis (28.70 ± 2.87, 30.27 ± 3.02), AngioPlex (28.32 ± 6.68, 33.33 ± 5.44), and Spectralis OCTA (27.86 ± 4.13, 28.54 ± 3.14), respectively; p < 0.001). The FAZ area (mm2) of the SCP and DCP were different using the four devices: Plex-Elite (0.276 ± 0.097, 0.340 ± 0.100), DRI OCT-1 Atlantis (0.281 ± 0.102, 0.354 ± 0.119), AngioPlex (0.269 ± 0.099, 0.422 ± 0.120), and Spectralis OCTA (0.272 ± 0.079, 0.298 ± 0.106), respectively; p < 0.001). The VD of the SCP and DCP had no significant correlation using the four devices (all, p > 0.05), but the FAZ area had positive correlations using the four devices (all, p < 0.001). Conclusions The four OCTA devices provided different VD and FAZ areas, so these differences should be considered in analyzing OCTA images.

Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) is a rare condition defined as the dilatation of coronary artery to at least 1.5 times larger than the normal adjacent coronary artery. Clinical manifestations of CAE vary, ranging from asymptomatic to ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Because of its rarity and clinical diversity, the best treatment strategy and prognosis for CAE remain unclear. We describe a case of STEMI caused by intracoronary thrombus formation within an ectatic area in a patient with liver cirrhosis (LC). The patient was successfully managed by thrombus aspiration only, without balloon angioplasty or stent implantation, and maintained by dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and ticagrelor, a potent new P2Y12 inhibitor.
Angioplasty, Balloon ; Aspirin ; Coronary Vessels ; Dilatation ; Dilatation, Pathologic ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Liver ; Myocardial Infarction ; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors ; Prognosis ; Stents ; Thrombosis