Obesity is a serious worldwide health problem causing numerous obesity-related comorbidities such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular dysfunctions. Recently, many studies indicate that obesity is strongly related with high rate of renal lesions and reducing weight with surgical intervention can improve renal parameters in obese patients, but the effect of bariatric surgery on obesity-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) is hardly documented. This review study shows that bariatric surgery demonstrates beneficial reduction in proteinuria and albuminuria leading to improve both glomerular hyperfiltration and chronic kidney disease in obese population. Yet, bariatric surgery is not a definite treatment of choice for the obese patients with CKD because of lack of evidence explaining the risk of complications following bariatric surgery and clarification on estimating glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in obese patients. Future, high quality studies with a long term follow up are required to determine the effective durability of bariatric surgery on obese-related CKD patients.
Albuminuria ; Bariatric Surgery* ; Comorbidity ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; Hypertension ; Obesity ; Proteinuria ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic*

When a pedestrian was hit by bumper and runover by tire of car, tire impression marks or damaged skin and fractured born marks were remained on dead body. Namely, to obtain the best result for analysis of traffic accident involved damaged human body, it must be considered both the analysis of autopsy and the analysis of traffic accident reconstruction. As these kinds of cases were managed to solve when one part of analysis was not for sure but some cases were missing because we have any regulated system to comply the results of both parts. This case is as follows, As soon as the child run across the street, the automobile was passing by and he went into between front tire and read tire and he was runover by rear tire and he died. Unfortunately this case was treated by police as the child was fault. However we studied this case both the analysis of tire impression and damaged mark of dead body and the aspect of traffic accident reconstruction. Finally, we found out the fact that the car hit the child and runover front and rear tire of the car. This case is valuable because we could find the truth that the child was not fault. Like this manner, here we would like to suggest a system or any kinds of organization should be considered so that the two forensic parts can be analyze together.
Accidents, Traffic ; Automobiles* ; Autopsy ; Child ; Human Body ; Humans ; Police ; Skin

Purpose: Numerous studies have supported the role of the immune dysfunction in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, to our knowledge, no study has been conducted on plasma cytokine levels in children with ASD in South Korea. In this study, we aimed to analyze the immunological characteristics of Korean children with ASD through plasma cytokine analysis. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 94 ASD children (mean age 7.1; 81 males and 13 females) and 48 typically developing children (TDC) (mean age 7.3; 30 males and 18 females). Plasma was isolated from 1 mL of blood by clarifying with centrifugation at 8000 rpm at 4°C for 10 min. Cytokines in plasma were measured with LEGENDplex HU Th cytokine panel (BioLegend, 741028) and LEGENDplex HU cytokine panel 2 (BioLegend, 740102). Results: Among 25 cytokines, innate immune cytokine [interleukin (IL)-33] was significantly decreased in ASD children compared with TDC. In acute phase proteins, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) was significantly increased, while IL-6, another inflammation marker, was decreased in ASD children compared with TDC. The cytokines from T cell subsets, including interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-17f, were significantly decreased in ASD children compared to TDC. IL-10, a major anti-inflammatory cytokine, and IL-9, which modulates immune cell growth and proliferation, were also significantly decreased in ASD children compared to TDC. Conclusion We confirmed that Korean children with ASD showed altered immune function and unique cytokine expression patterns distinct from TDC.

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the current patterns of cancer incidence and estimate the projected cancer incidence and mortality between 2020 and 2035 in Korea. Methods: Data on cancer incidence cases were extracted from the Korean Statistical Information Service from 2000 to 2017, and data on cancer-related deaths were extracted from the National Cancer Center from 2000 to 2018. Cancer cases and deaths were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition. For the current patterns of cancer incidence, age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) and age-standardized mortality rates were investigated using the 2000 mid-year estimated population aged over 20 years and older. A joinpoint regression model was used to determine the 2020 to 2035 trends in cancer. Results: Overall, cancer cases were predicted to increase from 265 299 in 2020 to 474 085 in 2035 (growth rate: 1.8%). The greatest increase in the ASIR was projected for prostate cancer among male (7.84 vs. 189.53 per 100 000 people) and breast cancer among female (34.17 vs. 238.45 per 100 000 people) from 2000 to 2035. Overall cancer deaths were projected to increase from 81 717 in 2020 to 95 845 in 2035 (average annual growth rate: 1.2%). Although most cancer mortality rates were projected to decrease, those of breast, pancreatic, and ovarian cancer among female were projected to increase until 2035. Conclusions These up-to-date projections of cancer incidence and mortality in the Korean population may be a significant resource for implementing cancer-related regulations or developing cancer treatments.

PURPOSE: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social communication impairments and repetitive behaviors or restricted interests. Impaired pragmatic language comprehension is a universal feature in individuals with ASD. However, the underlying neural basis of pragmatic language is poorly understood. In the present study, we examined neural activation patterns associated with impaired pragmatic language comprehension in ASD, compared to typically developing children (TDC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was applied to 15 children with ASD and 18 TDC using the Korean pragmatic language task. RESULTS: Children with ASD were less accurate than TDC at comprehending idioms, particularly when they were required to interpret idioms with mismatched images (mismatched condition). Children with ASD also showed different patterns of neural activity than TDC in all three conditions (neutral, matched, and mismatched). Specifically, children with ASD showed decreased activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) (Brodmann area 47) in the mismatched condition, compared with TDC (IFG; t(31)=3.17, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that children with ASD face difficulties in comprehending pragmatic expressions and apply different pragmatic language processes at the neural level.
Autism Spectrum Disorder* ; Autistic Disorder* ; Child* ; Comprehension* ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neurodevelopmental Disorders ; Prefrontal Cortex

The civilization has given us a great comfort and convenience but also it has been threatening our life at the same time. Among these causes of death the traffic accident is the most dangerous thing to threat our life in recent years. According to the report of traffic accident in 2003, the pedestrian to car accident is almost 50% of all types of traffic accident and this percentage is very high level compare to other countries. So this is why we have to focus on this field of accident. This case is as follows, when a pedestrian was riding a bicycle and crossing the road, a taxi hit the bicycle with left outside mirror. The impact was not so severe, the pedestrian stood up by himself. Unfortunately he was impacted once again by a SUV which was following behind the taxi. The evidence were the SUV, clothing and victim. A complete autopsy was performed on the victim. The skull was slightly fractured with line shape and showed hypodermal bleeding under the head skin. The thoracic vertebrae of No. 11-12 was fractured. The cause of death was apparently head trauma and fracture of thoracic vertebrae. But we could not explain why the thoracic vertebrae was fractured without damage of internal organs in chest and abdomen. To analyze this case, we used a dynamic analysis program Madymo V6.2 and applied the Hybrid-III human model. Finally we could prove that if the pedestrian stand against the SUV, the bending moment in spine was raised suddenly at the beginning of impact. At this moment the leg was started to be move to the backward of pedestrian but the upper part of body could not move because of inertia. This bending moment make the spine hyper-extension and this level of moment can fracture the spine enough in low speed of SUV. In this study we analysis the car to pedestrian accident with engineering view and introduce the detail analysis method to reconstruct the accident involving the human trauma.
Abdomen ; Accidents, Traffic ; Autopsy ; Cause of Death ; Civilization ; Clothing ; Craniocerebral Trauma ; Head ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Leg ; Skin ; Skull ; Spine* ; Thoracic Vertebrae ; Thorax

Background: The increasing rate of excess body weight (EBW) in the global population has led to growing health concerns, including cancer-related EBW. We aimed to estimate the population attributable fraction (PAF) of cancer incidence and deaths linked to EBW in Korean individuals from 2015 to 2030 and to compare its value with various body mass index cutoffs. Methods: Levin’s formula was used to calculate the PAF; the prevalence rates were computed using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, while the relative risks of specific cancers related to EBW were estimated based on the results of Korean cohort studies. To account for the 15-year latency period when estimating the PAF in 2020, the prevalence rates from 2015 and attributable cases or deaths from 2020 were used. Results: The PAF attributed to EBW was similar for both cancer incidence and deaths using either the World Health Organization (WHO) Asian-Pacific region standard or a modified Asian standard, with the WHO standard yielding the lowest values. In the Korean population, the PAFs of EBW for cancer incidence were 2.96% in men and 3.61% in women, while those for cancer deaths were 0.67% in men and 3.06% in women in 2020. Additionally, PAFs showed a gradual increase in both sexes until 2030. Conclusion The EBW continues to have a significant impact on cancer incidence and deaths in Korea. Effective prevention strategies targeting the reduction of this modifiable risk factor can substantially decrease the cancer burden.

Background: The increasing rate of excess body weight (EBW) in the global population has led to growing health concerns, including cancer-related EBW. We aimed to estimate the population attributable fraction (PAF) of cancer incidence and deaths linked to EBW in Korean individuals from 2015 to 2030 and to compare its value with various body mass index cutoffs. Methods: Levin’s formula was used to calculate the PAF; the prevalence rates were computed using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, while the relative risks of specific cancers related to EBW were estimated based on the results of Korean cohort studies. To account for the 15-year latency period when estimating the PAF in 2020, the prevalence rates from 2015 and attributable cases or deaths from 2020 were used. Results: The PAF attributed to EBW was similar for both cancer incidence and deaths using either the World Health Organization (WHO) Asian-Pacific region standard or a modified Asian standard, with the WHO standard yielding the lowest values. In the Korean population, the PAFs of EBW for cancer incidence were 2.96% in men and 3.61% in women, while those for cancer deaths were 0.67% in men and 3.06% in women in 2020. Additionally, PAFs showed a gradual increase in both sexes until 2030. Conclusion The EBW continues to have a significant impact on cancer incidence and deaths in Korea. Effective prevention strategies targeting the reduction of this modifiable risk factor can substantially decrease the cancer burden.

Background: The increasing rate of excess body weight (EBW) in the global population has led to growing health concerns, including cancer-related EBW. We aimed to estimate the population attributable fraction (PAF) of cancer incidence and deaths linked to EBW in Korean individuals from 2015 to 2030 and to compare its value with various body mass index cutoffs. Methods: Levin’s formula was used to calculate the PAF; the prevalence rates were computed using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, while the relative risks of specific cancers related to EBW were estimated based on the results of Korean cohort studies. To account for the 15-year latency period when estimating the PAF in 2020, the prevalence rates from 2015 and attributable cases or deaths from 2020 were used. Results: The PAF attributed to EBW was similar for both cancer incidence and deaths using either the World Health Organization (WHO) Asian-Pacific region standard or a modified Asian standard, with the WHO standard yielding the lowest values. In the Korean population, the PAFs of EBW for cancer incidence were 2.96% in men and 3.61% in women, while those for cancer deaths were 0.67% in men and 3.06% in women in 2020. Additionally, PAFs showed a gradual increase in both sexes until 2030. Conclusion The EBW continues to have a significant impact on cancer incidence and deaths in Korea. Effective prevention strategies targeting the reduction of this modifiable risk factor can substantially decrease the cancer burden.

Background: The increasing rate of excess body weight (EBW) in the global population has led to growing health concerns, including cancer-related EBW. We aimed to estimate the population attributable fraction (PAF) of cancer incidence and deaths linked to EBW in Korean individuals from 2015 to 2030 and to compare its value with various body mass index cutoffs. Methods: Levin’s formula was used to calculate the PAF; the prevalence rates were computed using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, while the relative risks of specific cancers related to EBW were estimated based on the results of Korean cohort studies. To account for the 15-year latency period when estimating the PAF in 2020, the prevalence rates from 2015 and attributable cases or deaths from 2020 were used. Results: The PAF attributed to EBW was similar for both cancer incidence and deaths using either the World Health Organization (WHO) Asian-Pacific region standard or a modified Asian standard, with the WHO standard yielding the lowest values. In the Korean population, the PAFs of EBW for cancer incidence were 2.96% in men and 3.61% in women, while those for cancer deaths were 0.67% in men and 3.06% in women in 2020. Additionally, PAFs showed a gradual increase in both sexes until 2030. Conclusion The EBW continues to have a significant impact on cancer incidence and deaths in Korea. Effective prevention strategies targeting the reduction of this modifiable risk factor can substantially decrease the cancer burden.