Cancer incidence appears to be increased in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). DM represents a risk factor for cancer, particularly hepatocellular, hepatobiliary, pancreas, breast, ovarian, endometrial, and gastrointestinal cancers. In addition, there is evidence showing that DM is associated with increased cancer mortality. Common risk factors such as age, obesity, physical inactivity and smoking may contribute to increased cancer risk in patients with DM. Although the mechanistic process that may link diabetes to cancer is not completely understood yet, biological mechanisms linking DM and cancer are hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, increased bioactivity of insulin-like growth factor 1, oxidative stress, dysregulations of sex hormones, and chronic inflammation. However, cancer screening rate is significantly lower in people with DM than that in people without diabetes. Evidence from previous studies suggests that some medications used to treat DM are associated with either increased or reduced risk of cancer. However, there is no strong evidence supporting the association between the use of anti-hyperglycemic medication and specific cancer. In conclusion, all patients with DM should be undergo recommended age- and sex appropriate cancer screenings to promote primary prevention and early detection. Furthermore, cancer should be screened in routine diabetes assessment.
Breast ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Early Detection of Cancer ; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms ; Gonadal Steroid Hormones ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Hyperinsulinism ; Incidence ; Inflammation ; Mass Screening ; Mortality ; Obesity ; Oxidative Stress ; Pancreas ; Primary Prevention ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, COVID-19 vaccination-induced hyperglycemia and related complications have been reported. However, there have been few reports of type 1 diabetes triggered by COVID-19 vaccines in subjects without diabetes.Here, we report the case of a 56-year-old female patient who developed hyperglycemia after the second dose of COVID-19 mRNA-based vaccination without a prior history of diabetes. She visited our hospital with uncontrolled hyperglycemia despite administration of oral hyperglycemic agents. Her initial glycated hemoglobin level was high (11.0%), and fasting serum C-peptide level was normal. The fasting serum C-peptide level decreased to 0.269 ng/ mL 5 days after admission, and the anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody was positive.The patient was discharged in stable condition with insulin treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first case of the development of type 1 diabetes without diabetic ketoacidosis after mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination, and is the oldest case of type 1 diabetes development under such circumstances.

Background: Despite the well-recognized health benefits of fresh fruit consumption, there is still substantial uncertainty about its potential effects on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: We examined the association of fresh fruit consumption and glycemic control in patients with T2DM using data from the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The study sample was divided into three groups based on weekly fruit consumption frequency for the analysis. Results: Patients with the highest fruit intake were older than those in the other two groups, and women were more likely to consume fruits in general. Being a current smoker and weekly alcohol intake also showed negative correlations according to the fruit intake tertiles. Fruit consumption was positively correlated with better hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. Moreover, patients in the highest tertile of fruit intake were 3.48 times more likely to be in good glycemic control defined as HbA1c <7%. Conclusion We observed that fruit consumption can be helpful in glycemic control in Korean patients with T2DM.

Chronic hyperglycemia is the primary risk factor for the development of complications in diabetes mellitus (DM); however, it is believed that frequent or large glucose fluctuations may independently contribute to diabetes-related complications. Postprandial spikes in blood glucose, as well as hypoglycemic events, are blamed for increased cardiovascular events in DM. Glycemic variability (GV) includes both of these events; hence, minimizing GV can prevent future cardiovascular events. Correcting GV emerges as a target to be pursued in clinical practice to safely reduce the mean blood glucose and to determine its direct effects on vascular complications in diabetes. Modern diabetes management modalities, including glucagon-related peptide-1-based therapy, newer insulins, modern insulin pumps and bariatric surgery, significantly reduce GV. However, defining GV remains a challenge primarily due to the difficulty of measuring it and the lack of consensus regarding the optimal approach for its management. The purpose of this manuscript was not only to review the most recent evidence on GV but also to help readers better understand the available measurement options and how the various definitions relate differently to the development of diabetic complications.
Bariatric Surgery ; Blood Glucose ; Consensus ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Glucose ; Hyperglycemia ; Insulin ; Insulins ; Risk Factors

PURPOSE: Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine cancer and its incidence has continuously increased in the last three decades all over the world. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of extranodal extension (ENE) of thyroid cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a systematic search of MEDLINE (from inception to June 2014) and EMBASE (from inception to June 2014) for English-language publication. The inclusion criteria were studies of thyroid cancer that reported the prognostic value of ENE in thyroid cancer. Reviews, abstracts, and editorial materials were excluded, and duplicate data were removed. Two authors performed the data extraction independently. RESULTS: 6 studies including 1830 patients were eligible for inclusion in the study. All patients included in the meta-analysis had papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Recurrence-free survival was analyzed based on 3 studies. The pooled hazard ratio for recurrence was 2.01 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19–3.40, p=0.009]. Disease-specific survival was analyzed based on 3 studies with 973 patients. Patients of PTC with ENE showed 3.37-fold higher risk of death from the disease (95% CI 1.55–7.32, p=0.002). CONCLUSION: ENE should be considered to be a poor prognostic marker in thyroid cancer; such knowledge might improve the management of individual patients. This might facilitate the planning of appropriate ablation therapy and tailored patient follow-up from the beginning of treatment.
Endocrine Gland Neoplasms ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lymph Nodes ; Prognosis ; Publications ; Recurrence ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Neoplasms*

No abstract available.
Acidosis, Lactic*

Steroids are widely used as potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs to treat a wide range of diseases. However, they are also associated with a number of side effects including new-onset hyperglycemia in patients without a history of diabetes mellitus or severely uncontrolled hyperglycemia in patients with known diabetes mellitus. This negative effect is believed to be caused by a variety of factors, including increased insulin resistance, increased glucose intolerance, reduced beta-cell mass from beta-cell dysfunction, and increased hepatic insulin resistance leading to impaired suppression of hepatic glucose production. Steroid-induced hyperglycemia is important in clinical practice because it has been associated with deleterious effect on prognosis. However, there is no scientific evidence regarding the consequences of corticosteroid-induced hyperglycemia and clinical studies investigating the effects of prevention and correction of the condition are lacking. Similar to non-steroid-related diabetes, the principles of early detection and risk factor modification apply. Challenges in the management of steroid-induced diabetes stem from wide fluctuations in post-prandial hyperglycemia and the lack of clearly defined treatment protocols. Together with, or after, life style measures, hypoglycemic drug with important insulin sensitizer effects is indicated. Other oral hypoglycemic drugs or insulin therapy can be considered as the drug of choice. These treatments may provide additional long-term survival benefit and improve glycemic control.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Clinical Protocols ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Glucose ; Glucose Intolerance ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia* ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; Insulin ; Insulin Resistance ; Life Style ; Prognosis ; Risk Factors ; Steroids

Chronic hyperglycemia is the main risk factor for the development of diabetes-related complications in diabetes mellitus (DM). Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is used to estimate the risk of developing diabetic complications, to define targets, and to measure the efficacy of diabetes treatments. Up until recently, it has been thought that frequent or large glucose fluctuations may contribute independently to diabetes-related complications. However, diabetes-related glycemic alterations are now understood in more complex terms, through studies attempting to identify the role of fasting glycemia, postprandial glycemia, and hypoglycemia in the overall assessment of the disease. This set of evaluations has led to the concept of glucose variability (GV). Postprandial spikes in blood glucose as well as hypoglycemic events, both are implicated in increased cardiovascular events in DM. GV includes both of these events; thus, minimizing GV can prevent future cardiovascular events. For these reasons, correcting GV has emerged as an important goal in clinical practice in order to safely reduce mean blood glucose (and thus HbA1c) and for its direct effects on vascular complications of DM. However, the literature available on glucose GV is extensive but confusing. This article highlights the most recent evidence, clinical implications, and measures to control GV in clinical practice.
Blood Glucose ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Fasting ; Glucose* ; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated ; Hyperglycemia ; Hypoglycemia ; Risk Factors