Purpose: We investigated the effects of cold water immersion (CWI) treatment during half-time break on performance related physiological indices during second half soccer match. Methods: Twenty-two collegiate soccer players participated in the study. Subjects undertook 3 minutes head out seated with whole body immersion at 19 o C to 21 o C. Total four venous blood samples were collected and analyzed for markers of ionic regulations and inflammatory (interleukin [IL]-1b, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α , and vascular endothelial growth factor) and immune functions (immunoglobulin [Ig] G, IgG2, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, and IgM). Results: Partial oxygen concentration and %SO 2 level was lowered in CWI. Hemoglobin and hematocrit values were not significantly different between experimental groups. While there was no notable effect was shown in Na ＋ and Ca 2＋ , K ＋ concentration was higher in CWI during second half match. There were no effects in any of inflammatory and/or anti-inflammatory cytokines and Ig. Conclusion These results suggest that CWI during half time break exert positively affects in buffering capacity and promote oxygen delivery to the actively recruited skeletal muscle, possibly results in improve soccer performance during second half match.

Neurogenesis persists in restricted regions of the adult brain, including the subventricular zone (SVZ). Adult neural stem cells (NSCs) in the SVZ proliferate and give rise to new neurons and glial cells depending on intrinsic and environmental cues. Among the multiple factors that contribute to the chemical, physical, and mechanical components of the neurogenic niche, we focused on the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of vasculature and fractones in the SVZ. The SVZ consists of ECM-rich blood vessels and fractones during development and adulthood, and adult neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) preferentially attach to the laminin-rich basal lamina. To examine the ECM preference of adult NS/PCs, we designed a competition assay using cell micropatterning. Although both laminin and collagen type IV, which are the main components of basal lamina, act as physical scaffolds, adult NS/PCs preferred to adhere to laminin over collagen type IV. Interestingly, the ECM preference of adult NS/ PCs could be manipulated by chemokines such as stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF1) and α6 integrin. As SDF1 re-routes NSCs and their progenitors toward the injury site after brain damage, these results suggest that the alteration in ECM preferences may provide a molecular basis for contextdependent NS/PC positioning.

Neurogenesis persists in restricted regions of the adult brain, including the subventricular zone (SVZ). Adult neural stem cells (NSCs) in the SVZ proliferate and give rise to new neurons and glial cells depending on intrinsic and environmental cues. Among the multiple factors that contribute to the chemical, physical, and mechanical components of the neurogenic niche, we focused on the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of vasculature and fractones in the SVZ. The SVZ consists of ECM-rich blood vessels and fractones during development and adulthood, and adult neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) preferentially attach to the laminin-rich basal lamina. To examine the ECM preference of adult NS/PCs, we designed a competition assay using cell micropatterning. Although both laminin and collagen type IV, which are the main components of basal lamina, act as physical scaffolds, adult NS/PCs preferred to adhere to laminin over collagen type IV. Interestingly, the ECM preference of adult NS/ PCs could be manipulated by chemokines such as stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF1) and α6 integrin. As SDF1 re-routes NSCs and their progenitors toward the injury site after brain damage, these results suggest that the alteration in ECM preferences may provide a molecular basis for contextdependent NS/PC positioning.

BACKGROUND: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) has been well known pathogen as a cause of travelers' diarrhea. Nowadays, however, ETEC is also increasingly recognized as the cause of foodborne or waterborne outbreaks. We investigated an outbreak of a high school in Gwangju metropolitan city to trace the source of infection and the mode of transmission of ETEC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All symptomatic persons were interviewed and filled out the questionnaires. We surveyed their clinical symptoms and the foods that they ate. We checked the facilities of the school, dinning room and water supply system. Microbiologic examination were carried out on above symptomatic persons and many environmental specimens. All gathered samples were examined in Gwangju city Health & Environment Research Institute. ETEC isolates were submitted to Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) for Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). We also requested water quality analysis of water samples to Waterworks Research Institute. RESULTS: The 39 students and one sibling who visited and ate school meal showed symptoms. All staffs and cooks showed no symptom. Among 51 stool specimens, ETEC was isolated from 19 (18: students, 1:cook). ETEC was also isolated from specimens from a purifier and a water tap of the dinning room and water tank (underground water). In PFGE test, isolates from 18 persons showed identical pattern, but the PFGE patterns from water were different. Isolates of water samples showed different PFGE patterns even within the same sample. Investigation of the water distribution system revealed that contaminated underground water had been supplied to the dinning room and students of the school were exposed to it. CONCLUSION: This is the outbreak of ETEC infection occurred in a high school. Besides students, ETEC was also isolated from water samples. Considering some epidemiologic features, we suspect the mode of transmission may be waterborne despite the inconsistent PFGE results.
Academies and Institutes ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Diarrhea ; Disease Outbreaks ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli* ; Groundwater ; Gwangju ; Humans ; Korea ; Meals ; Siblings ; Water ; Water Quality ; Water Supply ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) has been well known pathogen as a cause of travelers' diarrhea. Nowadays, however, ETEC is also increasingly recognized as the cause of foodborne or waterborne outbreaks. We investigated an outbreak of a high school in Gwangju metropolitan city to trace the source of infection and the mode of transmission of ETEC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All symptomatic persons were interviewed and filled out the questionnaires. We surveyed their clinical symptoms and the foods that they ate. We checked the facilities of the school, dinning room and water supply system. Microbiologic examination were carried out on above symptomatic persons and many environmental specimens. All gathered samples were examined in Gwangju city Health & Environment Research Institute. ETEC isolates were submitted to Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) for Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). We also requested water quality analysis of water samples to Waterworks Research Institute. RESULTS: The 39 students and one sibling who visited and ate school meal showed symptoms. All staffs and cooks showed no symptom. Among 51 stool specimens, ETEC was isolated from 19 (18: students, 1:cook). ETEC was also isolated from specimens from a purifier and a water tap of the dinning room and water tank (underground water). In PFGE test, isolates from 18 persons showed identical pattern, but the PFGE patterns from water were different. Isolates of water samples showed different PFGE patterns even within the same sample. Investigation of the water distribution system revealed that contaminated underground water had been supplied to the dinning room and students of the school were exposed to it. CONCLUSION: This is the outbreak of ETEC infection occurred in a high school. Besides students, ETEC was also isolated from water samples. Considering some epidemiologic features, we suspect the mode of transmission may be waterborne despite the inconsistent PFGE results.
Academies and Institutes ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Diarrhea ; Disease Outbreaks ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli* ; Groundwater ; Gwangju ; Humans ; Korea ; Meals ; Siblings ; Water ; Water Quality ; Water Supply ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Placenta increta is an uncommon and life-threatening complication of pregnancy characterized by complete or partial absence of the decidua basalis. Placenta increta usually presents with vaginal bleeding during difficult placental removal in the third-trimester. Although placenta increta may complicate first and early secondtrimester pregnancy loss, the diagnosis can be very difficult during early pregnancy and thus the lesion is difficult to identify. We encountered with a woman who was diagnosed with placenta increta after receiving emergency hysterectomy due to intraperitoneal bleeding 2 months after an uncomplicated dilatation and curettage in the first trimester. Therefore, we report this case with a brief review of the literature.
Abortion, Induced/*adverse effects ; Adult ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Placenta Accreta/*diagnosis ; Pregnancy ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Treatment Outcome ; Uterine Hemorrhage/*diagnosis

Mycobacterium fortuitum usually causes colonization or transient infection in patients with underlying lung disease, such as prior tuberculosis or bronchiectasis. The majority of these patients may not need to receive antibiotic therapy for M. fortuitum isolates. We report here on a patient with M. fortuitum lung disease and who was successfully treated with combination oral antibiotic therapy. A 53-year-old woman was referred to our institution because of purulent sputum and dyspnea. A chest radiograph and computed tomography scan revealed cavitary consolidation in the left upper lobe and multiple small cavities in the left lower lobe. Numerous acid-fast bacilli (AFB) were seen in multiple sputum specimens and M. fortuitum was identified by culture from the sputum specimens. The patient received antibiotic treatment including clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole, because her symptoms were worsening despite conservative treatment. Sputum conversion was achieved after one month of antibiotic therapy. Both the patient's symptoms and radiographic findings improved after 10 months of antibiotic therapy.
Bronchiectasis ; Ciprofloxacin ; Clarithromycin ; Colon ; Dyspnea ; Female ; Humans ; Lung ; Lung Diseases ; Middle Aged ; Mycobacterium ; Mycobacterium fortuitum ; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ; Sputum ; Sulfamethoxazole ; Thorax ; Tuberculosis

Since April 2009, outbreaks of the new influenza A (H1N1) virus have occurred worldwide. The spectrum of disease caused by H1N1 infection ranges from non-febrile, mild upper respiratory tract illness to severe or fatal pneumonia. Rapidly progressive respiratory diseases, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and renal or multi-organ failure, have accounted for severely affected inpatients. Complex cases involving myocarditis, encephalitis, and myositis have been described. However, pulmonary air-leak syndrome, consisting of spontaneous pneumomediastinal emphysema, pneumothorax, and subcutaneous emphysema complicating pneumonia with the H1N1 virus, has not previously been reported in Korea. Here, we report a case of pulmonary air-leak syndrome complicating H1N1 infection that was resolved with an antiviral agent, high-flow oxygen, and fluid therapy.
Disease Outbreaks ; Emphysema ; Encephalitis ; Fluid Therapy ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; Influenza, Human ; Inpatients ; Korea ; Mediastinal Emphysema ; Myocarditis ; Myositis ; Oxygen ; Pneumonia ; Pneumothorax ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult ; Respiratory System ; Subcutaneous Emphysema ; Viruses

This study evaluated whether renal perfusion changes can be noninvasively estimated by using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and investigated the correlation between renal perfusion measured by CEUS and necrosis and apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells. In six dogs with experimentally induced renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, changes in time to peak intensity, peak intensity, and area under the curve were measured on CEUS. Peak intensity and area under the curve of the renal cortex began to decrease on day 1 (about 20% lower than baseline) and reached the lowest levels (about 50% of baseline) on day 4. They then gradually increased until day 10, at which time peak intensity was about 87% and area under the curve was about 95% of baseline; neither fully recovered. Both parameters were strongly correlated with the necrosis scores on histopathologic examination on day 4 (r = −0.810 of peak intensity and r = −0.886 of area under the curve). CEUS allowed quantitative evaluation of perfusion changes in acute renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, and CEUS results were correlated with renal tubular damage on histopathologic examination. Thus, CEUS could be a noninvasive, quantitative diagnostic method for determining progress of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Dogs* ; Epithelial Cells ; Evaluation Studies as Topic* ; Methods ; Necrosis ; Perfusion* ; Reperfusion Injury* ; Ultrasonography*

Blood perfusion of skeletal muscle and callus was evaluated using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in a canine osteotomy model to determine the applicability of CEUS in the assessment of neovascularization during fracture healing and to compare the vascular signals on CEUS between external skeletal fixation and cast-applied dogs. In 6 Beagle dogs, a simple transverse osteotomy was performed at the left tibial shaft and external skeletal fixation (n = 3) or a cast (n = 3) was applied. Radiography, power Doppler ultrasonography (power Doppler), and CEUS were performed until complete union was achieved. On CEUS, vascular changes were quantitatively evaluated by measuring peak intensity (PI) and time to PI in the soft tissue and callus and by counting the vascular signals. Vascular signals from the soft tissue were detected on power Doppler and CEUS on day 2. Significantly more vascular signals were detected by CEUS than by power Doppler. On CEUS, PI in the surrounding soft tissue was markedly increased after the fracture line appeared indistinctively changed on radiography in all dogs. In the cast-applied dogs, vascular signals from the periosteal and endosteal callus were detected on CEUS before mineralized callus was observed on radiography. CEUS was useful in assessing the vascularity of soft tissue and callus, particularly in indirect fracture healing, and provided indications of a normally healing fracture.