PURPOSE: This study was conducted to describe the perception of parental sex role held by university students and to examine differences in perception of parental sex role according to student characteristics. METHOD: The participants were 336 university students in Gangreung city. The instrument of parental sex role was developed by the researcher and consisted of 3 subcategories; general parent role, parental sex role as a father and parental sex role as a mother. RESULTS: The most positive item of parental sex role as a father is 'the Father's role is teaching about the value of society'. The most positive item of parental sex role as a mother is 'the Mother's role is to be a counselor or friend'. There were significant differences in perception of a father's role according to sex, type of college, fathers who lived with student during childhood, the relationship with the parent, the plan of marriage and having a child, responsibility of child-rearing, and the need for education for the parental role. There were significant differences in perception of the mother's role according to sex, grade, type of college, birth order, type of family, persons who lived with student during childhood, the relationship with the parent, plan of marriage and having a child, responsibility of child-rearing, and the need for education for the parental role. CONCLUSION: The parental sex role changes overtime. Thus, it is important to identify university student's perception of parental sex roles as pre-parent preparation for parenting.
Birth Order ; Child ; Counseling ; Education ; Fathers ; Gender Identity* ; Humans ; Marriage ; Mothers ; Parenting ; Parents* ; Ritodrine

BACKGROUND: The purposes of this study were (1) to investigate the abilities of word definition in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) according to the severity, and (2) to examine the error patterns in patients with Alzheimer's disease. METHODS: Eight individuals with MCI (CDR=0.5) and 16 patients with AD (eight for probable AD mild group of CDR=1 and eight for probable AD moderate group of CDR=2) participated in the study. Eight normal age-, gender-, and education-matched elderly adults served as a control group for the MCI and AD groups. As stimuli for the word definition, eleven semantic categories were used, and two concrete words were selected from each category, resulting in a total of 22 items. Prior to the task, four definition categories were provided: 1) functional, 2) relational, 3) perceptual, and 4) categorical. Statistical analyses were performed using Kruskal-Wallis test, and Bonferroni analyses were used as a post-hoc comparison for any significant results. RESULTS: There were significant differences in word definition scores among four groups. The probable AD moderate group showed the lower definition score than the probable AD mild group. And the probable AD moderate group showed the lower definition score than MCI group. Each group defined words in different ways. While the control group employed four definition different categories equally, the probable AD moderate group used a functional definition category mainly. However, relational and categorical definition categories were rarely observed in the probable AD moderate group. The analysis of error pattern showed that inadequate definition was frequently observed in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study suggest that word definition task could be a sensitive indicator of the impairment of semantic knowledge in patients with AD.
Adult ; Aged ; Alzheimer Disease* ; Humans ; Mild Cognitive Impairment ; Semantics

Background: The increasing number of vaccines and the complexity of immunization programs, along with continuous changes in the epidemiology of infectious diseases, necessitate a systematic approach to vaccine effectiveness (VE) evaluation. This study presents a preliminary survey to establish a VE evaluation framework in Korea, focusing on the National Immunization Program. Methods: Experts’ opinions were collected through a two-round online survey targeting key stakeholders. The first round consisted of two multiple-choice questions and two openended questions. The second round was a quantitative survey with 17 questionnaires based on five domains derived by analyzing the results of the first-round survey. Results: The results emphasize the necessity and urgency of a government-led VE evaluation system and the establishment of a multidisciplinary evaluation organization. Key considerations include personnel, budget, data integration, legal standards, and surveillance system enhancements. Conclusion These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, emphasizing the need for collaboration, financial support, and robust data management in developing evidence-based vaccination policies.

OBJECTIVES: The concept of natural head position (NHP) was first introduced by Broca in 1862, and was described as a person's stable physiologic position “when a man is standing and his visual axis is horizontal.” NHP has been used routinely for clinical examination; however, a patient's head position is random during cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) acquisition. To solve this problem, we developed an accelerometer to record patients' NHP and reproduce them for CBCT images. In this study, we also tested the accuracy and reproducibility of our accelerometer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 15 subjects participated in this study. We invented an accelerometer that measured acceleration on three axes and that could record roll and pitch calculations. Recorded roll and pitch data for each NHP were applied to a reoriented virtual image using three-dimensional (3D) imaging software. The data between the 3D models and the clinical photos were statistically analyzed side by side. Paired t-tests were used to statistically analyze the measurements. RESULTS: The average difference in the angles between the clinical photograph and the 3D model was 0.04° for roll and 0.29° for pitch. The paired ttests for the roll data (P=0.781) and the pitch data (P=0.169) showed no significant difference between the clinical photographs and the 3D model (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: By overcoming the limitations of previous NHP-recording techniques, our new method can accurately record patient NHP in a time-efficient manner. Our method can also accurately transfer the NHP to a 3D virtual model.
Acceleration ; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Diagnostic Techniques, Surgical ; Head* ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Methods

For successful restoration of maxillary anterior implants, both pink esthetics and white esthetics must be satisfied. For pink esthetic part, the role of appropriate provisional prosthesis restoration is important, and for white esthetic part, the color and shape of the definitive prosthesis is important. Multilayer zirconia can be used for natural tooth appearance due to the higher transparency of the incisal area compared to the conventional monolithic zirconia. Therefore, in this case, white esthetic part was achieved through multilayer zirconia after recovering function and esthetics through appropriate provisional prosthesis in a patient who lost the maxillary anterior teeth.

Purpose: To compare image quality in selective intracoronary contrast-injected computed tomography angiography (SelectiveCTA) with that in conventional intravenous contrast-injected CTA (IV-CTA). Materials and Methods: Six pigs (35 to 40 kg) underwent both IV-CTA using an intravenous injection (60 mL) and Selective-CTA using an intracoronary injection (20 mL) through a guide-wire during/after percutaneous coronary intervention. Images of the common coronary artery were acquired. Scans were performed using a combined machine comprising an invasive coronary angiography suite and a 320-channel multi-slice CT scanner. Quantitative image quality parameters of CT attenuation, image noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), mean lumen diameter (MLD), and mean lumen area (MLA) were measured and compared. Qualitative analysis was performed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), which was calculated for analysis of interobserver agreement. Results: Quantitative image quality, determined by assessing the uniformity of CT attenuation (399.06 vs. 330.21, p<0.001), image noise (24.93 vs. 18.43, p<0.001), SNR (16.43 vs. 18.52, p=0.005), and CNR (11.56 vs. 13.46, p=0.002), differed significantly between IV-CTA and Selective-CTA. MLD and MLA showed no significant difference overall (2.38 vs. 2.44, p=0.068, 4.72 vs. 4.95, p=0.078).The density of contrast agent was significantly lower for selective-CTA (13.13 mg/mL) than for IV-CTA (400 mg/mL). Agreement between observers was acceptable (ICC=0.79±0.08). Conclusion Our feasibility study in swine showed that compared to IV-CTA, Selective-CTA provides better image quality and requires less iodine contrast medium.

Background: The Korea Expert Committee on Immunization Practices (KECIP) is a key advisory body the government to develop guidelines and provide technical advisory activities on immunization policies in Korea. A recent policy study, inspired by global best practices, aims to enhance KECIP's functionality for providing timely and transparent recommendations in the face of evolving vaccine science and emerging infectious diseases like COVID-19. Methods: This study reviewed the current status of KECIP and collected expert opinions through surveys and consultations. Among the 40 panel members who were surveyed, 19 responded to a questionnaire specifically designed to assess the potential areas of improvement within KECIP. Results: The majority of respondents favored maintaining the current member count and emphasized the need for a subcommittee. Opinions varied on issues such as the length of KECIP’s term, the representation of vaccine manufacturers’ perspectives, and the chairperson’s role. However, there was a consensus on the importance of expertise, transparency, and fair proceedings within the committee. Conclusion This study underscores the pivotal role of KECIP in shaping national immunization policies, emphasizing the necessity for informed guidance amidst evolving vaccine science and emerging infectious diseases. Furthermore, it stressed the importance of enhancing KECIP’s capacity to effectively address evolving public health challenges and maintain successful immunization programs in South Korea.

Objective: Mood disorder and borderline personality pathology (BPP) are frequently comorbid and relate to childhood trauma. We investigated the relationship between childhood trauma and BPP features in mood disorder patients versus controls. Methods: A total of 488 mood disorder patients, particularly major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar I disorder (BD I), and bipolar II disorder (BD II), and 734 controls were included. We examined between-group BPP-related differences and correlated between BPP and childhood trauma using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ) and the Personality Assessment Inventory–Borderline Features Scale. Results: BD II patients showed significantly higher BPP. Emotional abuse and neglect were prominently associated with BPP, while affective instability and negative relationships exhibited a stronger association with childhood trauma. We also found a positive relationship between childhood trauma and BPP in MDD, BD I, and BD II patients. Conclusion The findings of the present study imply that BPP features are more likely to be found in patients with BD II than BD I or MDD. Mood disorder patients with severe childhood trauma may have higher BPP features. Thus, further study of the relationship between childhood trauma and BPP features could improve the therapeutic approaches and help understand patients with mood disorders.