Although the frequency of composite resin restoration in children is gradually increasing, there are insufficient researches about the rate of composite resin repair in children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the repair rate of composite resin restorations in the permanent first molar in children under 12 years old. This study retrospectively analyzed 169 children treated with composite resin restoration in the permanent first molar from May 2014 to April 2015.According to the location of the tooth, the repair rate was higher in the mandible than maxilla and in the left than right. In the classification of restoration, the repair rate was the highest in the class II cavity, and the repair rate was the lowest in the restoration of the occlusal surface only. Repair rate in two years was 14.8%, and repair hazard ratio decreased with age. The most common reason of composite resin restoration replacement was the secondary caries (74.1%).Within the limits of study, the repair rate of children was higher than that of adult due to the characteristics of children. Therefore, dentists should understand these characteristics and try to reduce the repair rate of composite resin composite restorations.
Adult ; Child ; Classification ; Dentists ; Humans ; Mandible ; Maxilla ; Molar ; Retrospective Studies ; Tooth

The purpose of this study was to investigate current status of sedation training for the residents in pediatric dentistry training institutions and opinions about continuing education after the residency program.
Surveys were sent to 18 pediatric dentistry training institutions by e-mail, and the responses were collected and analyzed. Most of the sedation education period for the residents were the 1st-year education (61.1%) and 1 - 3 years of integrated education (55.6%). In terms of an externship, 5 institutions (27.8%) sent their residents to the department of anesthesiology. Second half of the 1st year (50%) was the highest for a resident to use sedation for the first time. The period of supervisor participation varied from not participating at all to whole time throughout the residency program. The sedation training is conducted at all training institutions, but there were variations in the experience that a resident can gain.
All training institutions agreed on the necessity of continuing education of the sedation, but there were various opinions regarding time, method, and the period of review course. Overall, this study suggested that continuing education should be consisted of 1 - 2 hours of didactic education every year and clinical skills and simulation training in every 2 - 3 years.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the three-dimensional (3D) imaging system of children’s facial soft tissue by comparing linear measurements. The subjects of the study were 15 children between the ages of 7 and 12. Twenty-three landmarks were pointed on the face of each subject and 16 linear measurements were directly obtained 2 times using an electronic caliper. Two sets of 3D facial images were made by the 3D scanner. The same 16 measurements were obtained on each 3D image. In the accuracy test, the total average difference was 0.9 mm. The precision of 3D photogrammetry was almost equivalent to that of direct measurement. Thus, 3D photogrammetry by the 3D scanner in children had sufficient accuracy and precision to be used in clinical setting. However, the 3D imaging system requires the subject’s compliance for exact images. If the clinicians provide specific instructions to children while obtaining 3D images, the 3D device is useful for investigating children’s facial growth and development. Also the device can be a valuable tool for evaluating the results of orthodontic and orthopedic treatments.

Periogen is a new caries activity test using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of Periogen by evaluating the correlation with dmft, dmfts indices and comparing with Cariview and caries risk assessment tool (CAT).83 children under 6 participated in this study. Dmft, dmfts indices and CAT were collected through an examination of oral health status. Plaque samples for Periogen and Cariview were collected and manipulated according to the manufactures' instructions.The correlation coefficient of Periogen, Cariview and CAT with the dmfts index were 0.38, 0.56 and 0.66 in each (p < 0.01). The sensitivity of Periogen, Cariview and CAT were 43%, 76% and 95% and specificity were 80%, 72% and 74% respectively. Area under curve under the receiver operating characteristic curves in each method indicated 0.69, 0.81 and 0.85.CAT and Cariview were more effective in evaluation the risk of dental caries than Periogen so far. To be used Periogen clinically, more improvements for higher validity were needed.
Animals ; Area Under Curve ; Cats ; Child ; Dental Caries ; Humans ; Methods ; Oral Health ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Risk Assessment ; ROC Curve ; Sensitivity and Specificity

The respiratory function is relevant to the craniofacial growth and orthodontic diagnosis. The size of the pharyngeal airway was measured in lateral cephalometric view in children visited Kyung Hee University Hospital from January 2015 to August 2017. A total of 74 healthy children (36 boys and 38 girls) aged 7 - 11 years (mean, 8.5 years) with a normodivergent facial pattern were divided into three groups according to anteroposterior jaw relation measuring A point-Nasion-B point (ANB) angle. Lateral cephalometric data were used to measure the airway dimensions. The dimensions of the middle airway were significantly lower, reducing the upper airway space, in large ANB angle group than in other children, suggesting that children with large ANB angle have narrower airway space than others.
Child ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Jaw ; Malocclusion

The aim of this study was to measure the shear bond strength (SBS) of different adhesive systems to calcium silicate-based materials (Biodentine and RetroMTA). Eighty cylindrical acrylic blocks, with a hole (5.0 mm diameter, 2.0 mm height) in each, were prepared. The holes were filled with Biodentine (BD) and RetroMTA (RMTA), and the specimens were divided into 2 groups. Each group was classified into 4 subgroups: Clearfil™ SE (CSE) ; AQ bond (AQ) ; All bond universal Self-etch (ABU-SE) ; and All bond universal Total-etch (ABU-TE). After the application of different adhesive systems, composite resin (Z350) was applied over BD and RMTA. The SBS was measured using a universal testing machine, and the data were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney test. The highest and lowest values of SBS were observed for BD-ABU-SE and RMTA-AQ, respectively. No significant differences were found in the SBS between ABU-TE and ABU-SE and between ABU-TE and CSE to BD and RMTA. According to the data, BD showed a higher SBS than did RMTA when BD and RMTA are compared in the same adhesive agents. Further, among all groups, composite resin with ABU-SE showed better bond strength to BD and RMTA.
Adhesives ; Calcium

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of intrusion in primary dentition and to evaluate factors influencing complications of primary and permanent dentition during long-term follow-up period.61 patients (84 teeth) were selected in this study. Medical records of 61 patients were reviewed and age, gender, cause of injury, site of injury, severity of traumatic injury, other injuries associated with trauma, treatment method, and complications of primary and permanent dentition were examined. Collected data were statistically evaluated using Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test.Intrusion in primary anterior teeth was predominant in boys over girls and fall was the most common cause of trauma. It was most common at home and occurred most in the primary maxillary central incisors. Severity had an effect on the incidence of sequelae in permanent successors (p = 0.014). The incidence of complications was significantly lower in patients with soft tissue injuries than in patients with other periodontal injuries (p = 0.000).
Dentition, Permanent ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Incidence ; Incisor ; Medical Records ; Methods ; Prognosis ; Soft Tissue Injuries ; Tooth Abnormalities ; Tooth Injuries ; Tooth ; Tooth, Deciduous

Individual dental age is used as an index of chronological age estimation and is an important indicator of the child's growth stage. Dental age does change greatly over time, but it changes constantly. And updating information about this change is important. The purpose of this study was to provide information about tooth eruption stage using diagnostic model analysis and to investigate tooth eruption sequence and estimate chronological age based on this information.Tooth eruption stages were measured on a diagnostic model from 488 patients in 5 – 13 year old children. Based on the information on eruption stage, eruption sequence in maxilla was first permanent molar, central incisor, lateral incisor, first premolar, canine, second premolar and second permanent molar. Eruption sequence in mandible was first permanent molar, central incisor, lateral incisor, canine, first premolar, second premolar and second permanent molar. There were significant differences between males and females in the eruption stage of canine, first and second premolar, and second molar at several ages. The chronological age of male and female was estimated by the coefficient of determination of 0.816, 0.826 respectively.
Bicuspid ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Incisor ; Male ; Mandible ; Maxilla ; Molar ; Tooth Eruption ; Tooth

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are rare congenital anomalies characterized by direct communication between arteries and veins that bypass the capillary bed. AVMs may not manifest clinically until late infancy or childhood. In particular, facial AVMs can cause urgent life-threatening dental events. A 5-year-old girl without a medical history visited the hospital because of spontaneous gingival bleeding around the posterior gingival area of the lower left 2nd primary molar.
Angiography through the femoral approach under general anesthesia was performed for differential diagnosis and therapeutic option. The blood flow was effectively reduced after arterial embolization alone, and there was no evidence of recurrence at the 5-month follow-up.
The present study reports that embolization of the affected vessels can be a more effective and safe method than surgical resection for the treatment of AVM during the growth period.