Caregiving for the children seems to be one of the most challenging tasks for the parents who should devote themselves totally despite endangering them. From the evolutionary perspective, this human behavior must have been the advantage in the survival of the species and rooted in ethological origin. John Bowlby, a child psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, and great developmental researcher, had formulated the attachment theory linking psychoanalysis and ethology through evolutionary biology. His and later following researchers' outcomes have provided enormous influence on viewing parental caregiving and the insight of human relationships and interventions. This article overviews the attachment theory in terms of the goal oriented cybernetic system to gain the survival advantage of the offspring and investigates the evolutionary origin of the caregiving and attachment from the retiles of the Mesozoic era to the mammalian revolution and finally to the human being. Deeper understanding of the nurturance and adult relationships from the standpoint of evolution can provide clinical utility of awareness of clients' lives.
Adult ; Biology ; Child ; Cybernetics ; Ethology ; Humans ; Parents ; Psychiatry ; Psychoanalysis

Understanding of a clinical trial is essential in developing clinical guideline and adopting evidence based practice. In designing and executing clinical trials, following ethical requirements should be considered : social value, scientific validity, fair subject selection, informed consent, favorable risk-benefit ratio, institutional review board, and respect for human subjects. According to the stage of drug development, purpose of trials, accumulated scientific data, clinical trials for drug development are classified as phase 1, 2, 3, and 4. Phases of clinical trials can be overlapped and the judgment of entering into the next phase should be considered highly strategically. In reading, evaluating and interpreting clinical trial reports, various skills and challenges exist. Patient sample composition, trial duration, selection of endpoints, responders and non-responders, placebo effect, patient recruitment, and extrapolation to the real world are the examples of those challenges. Treatment success will come from the well balanced approach of evidence based decision making and consideration of specific single case.
Decision Making ; Ethics Committees, Research ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Evidence-Based Practice ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Judgment ; Patient Selection ; Placebo Effect

OBJECTIVES: Very early-onset schizophrenia (VEOS) is a type of psychosis having a low frequency, insidious onset, and devastating clinical outcome. In this study, the demographic features, information on medication, clinical outcomes, and intellectual capability of patients diagnosed with VEOS in a hospital were analyzed to provide therapeutic strategies for this type of schizophrenia. METHODS: Using the electronic medical records of the National Center for Mental Health, 69 patients with VEOS were identified based on the DSM-5 criteria of schizophrenia. The data were summarized and analyzed according to the demographic characteristics, medications used, intellectual strength measured by the full intelligence quotient (FIQ) score, and current clinical status measured by the Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) and various combinations of these parameters. RESULTS: The screened study group contained similar numbers of males and females. The younger the onset of psychosis, the lower the frequency. The study population included a significantly higher proportion of births in the winter season than that of the general population. The 3 most frequently used antipsychotic medications were risperidone and its derivatives, clozapine and olanzapine. Valproic acid and divalproex sodium were the most commonly added drugs for outcome augmentation. 53.5% of the study population had received benzodiazepines and/or hypnotics. The average FIQ of the study population was 69.4, which is quite low compared to previous Korean studies with similar populations. There was a weak negative correlation between FIQ and CGI-S, but it was not statistically significant. The average CGI-S score was 4.2, which meant that the patients were moderately ill. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that patients with VEOS showed more frequent intellectual deficits at baseline and poorer outcomes than the control group. Risperidone, clozapine, valproic acid and their combinations were the most preferred medications for the treatment of psychosis. Benzodiazepines were quite commonly added for various reasons.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Benzodiazepines ; Clozapine ; Electronic Health Records ; Female ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Intelligence ; Male ; Mental Health ; Parturition ; Psychotic Disorders ; Risperidone ; Schizophrenia* ; Seasons ; Treatment Outcome* ; Valproic Acid

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to examine the pattern of benzodiazepine use in a representative sample of patients with schizophrenia in Korea. METHOD: Data generated by the Health Insurance Review Agency of Korea was used to examine the frequency of benzodiazepine use. Demographic and geographic factors, hospital types in which patients received prescriptions, health insurance coverage, and the number of concomitant antipsychotics associated with benzodiazepine use were explored by multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Among the 183427 patients with schizophrenia, the frequency of benzodiazepine use was 67.5% (n=122859). Use of benzodiazepines was highly associated with female patients treated in hospitals located in Gyeonggi, Gyeongsang, and Gangwon provinces, medicaid patients, patients treated in mental hospitals and private psychiatric clinics, and patients using concomitant antipsychotic agents. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated that benzodiazepine use was highly prevalent among patients with schizophrenia. Long-term use of benzodiazepine may be at higher risk of neurocognitive side effects and risk of mortality. Therefore, patients with schizophrenia taking benzodiazepine concomitantly should be closely monitored for benefits and risks of benzodiazepine use. For the medicaid patients, policy change is urgently needed in order for patients to receive equal quality of treatment with that of non-medicaid patents.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Benzodiazepines* ; Female ; Gangwon-do ; Geography ; Gyeonggi-do ; Hospitals, Psychiatric ; Humans ; Insurance, Health* ; Korea* ; Logistic Models ; Medicaid ; Methods ; Mortality ; Prescriptions ; Risk Assessment ; Schizophrenia*

To evaluate the impact of galantamine treatment on the function, caregiver time, and resource used in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD), costs and outcomes were evaluated during a 52-week prospective, randomized, double-blind, community-controlled trial of galantamine. Patients received either galantamine treatment (n=72) or no treatment (n=66). The analysis was performed from a societal perspective. Galantamine treatment reduced time spent caring for the patients and maintained improved functional capacity, whereas, when no treatments were given, a great increase in caregiver time and progressive functional deteriorations were observed. Saved caregiver time was equivalent to 113 working days per year. After 52 weeks, mean total annual costs per patient were 14,735,000 Korea Won (KRW) (USD 12,315) for patients with galantamine treatment and 25,325,000 KRW (USD 21,166) for patients without treatment. Adjusted annual cost saving of galantamine treatment was 6,428,000 KRW (USD 5,372) when compared to no treatment (p=0.0089). Galantamine had a beneficial effect not only to slow functional decline in patients with mild to moderate AD, but also to save a substantial amount of costs, closely related to reduction in caregiver burden and decrease in caregiver time.
Aged ; Alzheimer Disease/*drug therapy ; Cholinesterase Inhibitors/*therapeutic use ; Cost of Illness ; Double-Blind Method ; Female ; Galantamine/economics/*therapeutic use ; Health Care Costs ; Humans ; Male ; Prospective Studies

OBJECTIVES: To initiate and develop a treatment guideline in multidisciplinary approaches for related professions who are either working and/or living with children and adolescents with neurodevelopmental disorders who show behavioral problems. METHODS: To collect and reflect opinions from multiple professions who assumedly have different interventions or mediations on behavioral problems, a self-report survey and Focus Group Interview (FGI) were conducted for a group of child and adolescent psychiatrists, behavioral therapists, special education teachers, social welfare workers, and caregivers. RESULTS: According to a self-report survey and FGI results from multiple professional groups, aggressive behavior is the mostly common behavioral problem necessitating urgent interventions. However, both mainly used intervention strategies and effective treatment methods were different depending on professional backgrounds, such as pharmacological treatment, parent training, and behavior therapy, even though they shared an importance of improving communication skills. In addition, there was a common understanding of necessity to include parent training in a guideline. Lastly the data suggested lack of proper treatment facilities, qualified behavior therapists, and lack of standardized treatment guideline in the field needed to be improved for a quality of current therapeutic services. CONCLUSION: It is supported that several subjects should be included in the guidelines, such as how to deal with aggressive behavior, parent training, and biological aspects of neurodevelopmental disorders. Also, it is expected that publishing the guideline would be helpful to above multiple professions as it is investigated that there are lack of treatment facility and qualified behavioral therapists compared to need at the moment.
Adolescent* ; Autistic Disorder ; Behavior Therapy ; Caregivers ; Child* ; Developmental Disabilities ; Education, Special ; Focus Groups ; Humans ; Negotiating* ; Neurodevelopmental Disorders* ; Parents ; Problem Behavior* ; Psychiatry ; Social Welfare

This correction is being published to correct the degree of the author Maehwa Oh, in the article.

OBJECTIVES: To use focus-group interviews (FGI) to determine the current state of the Korean mental health service delivery system, inter-agency patient links, and identify associated problems. METHODS: The FGI were conducted by seven workers from psychiatric rehabilitation centers and community mental health centers and seven social workers from mental health hospitals. RESULTS: Within the mental health service delivery system, disconnection of the community network after discharge is considered a serious problem. The following improvement proposals are suggested : 1) the control tower should govern the community network after discharge, 2) consider insurance costs during activation of hospital links, and 3) expand information sharing related to community social facilities. With regard to non-voluntary admission and long-term hospitalization, most focus group members considered the revolving-door phenomenon to be more serious than non-voluntary admission. In order to prevent unnecessary long-term hospitalization, the FGI results indicated that the government should proactively intervene in the admission/discharge process. In addition, the following improvement proposals were suggested : 1) functional activation of the mental health review board via the reinforcement of workers' expertise, 2) expansion of local mental health centers, and 3) undertake institutional changes related to the family-related issue of preferring hospitalization over a stay at a secure facility. CONCLUSION: For the government to improve the efficiency of the mental health service delivery system, it is necessary to improve institutional linkages, expand mental health infrastructure, and develop an integrated management system.
Community Mental Health Centers ; Community Networks ; Focus Groups ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Information Dissemination ; Insurance ; Mental Health Services* ; Mental Health* ; Psychiatric Rehabilitation ; Social Work ; Social Workers

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the effect of galantamine on caregiver time and activities of daily living(ADLs) in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease(AD) in a Korean population. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental study: A rndomized, double-blind, parallel-group clinical trial and a naturalistic longitudinal community study METHOD: For this 1-year prospective study, 138 patients residing in the community were recruited(baseline MMSE score of. 10-22). The two groups were composed of 72 patients treated with galantamine and 66 patients selected as the control group from an untreated community cohort of AD patients. The primary efficacy outcome was the caregiver time and the secondary efficacy measure was the Korean version of the Disability Assessment for Dementia(DAD-K) scale. RESULTS: The results of a mixed model analyses demonstrated reduced caregiver time and improved ADLs in galantamine group relative to baseline and compared with the community control group in this 1-year prospective study. Significant improvement in galantamine group observed in the DAD scores demonstrated beneficial effects of galantamine on delaying functional deterioration in patients with mild to moderate AD. Difference in caregiver time between two groups was equivalent to additional 9.5 working days per month or 113 working days per year. CONCLUSION: Treatment with Galantamine is associated with a significantly slower decline in basic and instrumental ADLs in patients with mild to moderated AD. These benefits on functional capacity in patients with AD treated with galantamine were associated with less caregiver time, lower caregiver burden and higher economic benefits.
Activities of Daily Living* ; Alzheimer Disease* ; Caregivers* ; Cohort Studies ; Galantamine* ; Humans ; Prospective Studies*

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze research and development projects in mental health services in Korea, using priority evaluation of mental health promotion policies to determine direction of the service. METHODS: An online survey was conducted that targeted experts in the mental health service regarding promotion of mental health in Korea in 2016. The survey was based on 32 policy projects that resulted from 12 strategies according to 4 policy objectives. RESULTS: Analysis of 32 mental health projects were assessed regarding the possibility of technology development success, magnitude of the ripple effect, and necessity of a national response. It was observed that 3 policy projects relevant to suicide, had a high relative priority. This was followed by policies for improvement of health insurance and the medical benefit cost system, and policies for reinforcement of crisis psychological support such as those for disaster victims. CONCLUSION: The prioritization of mental health services should place an emphasis on promotion of a healthy mental lifestyle, rehabilitation support for patients with serious mental illness, and reinforcement of social safety networks for suicide prevention.
Disaster Victims ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Industrial Development ; Insurance, Health ; Korea ; Life Style ; Mental Health Services* ; Mental Health* ; Rehabilitation ; Social Change* ; Suicide