beta Catenin ; Cadherins ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cell Adhesion Molecules ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prognosis

Matrix metalloproteinase(MMP) is the proteolytic enzyme of the extracellular matrix. MMPs play a role in the invasion and metastasis of malignant tumor, but it is not known whether the expression of MMPs in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue is related to the prognostic factors of this tumor. In this study, 32 paraffin-embedded tumor specimens were examined immunohistochemically using monoclonal antibodies of MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-10 and MMP-13. The possible relationships between the expressions of the MMPs and TNM staging, the differentiation of tumor cells, size of tumor mass and lymph node metastasis were anlaysed statistically. The results were as follows. 1. The expression of MMP-2 increased according to TNM staging (P < 0.05) and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05) and the expression of MMP-2 was not affected by the differentiation of tumor cells or tumor size. 2. The expression of MMP-3 increased with increasing tumor size (P < 0.05). However it was not related to TNM staging, the differentiation of tumor cells or lymph node metastasis. 3. The expression of MMP-10 was unrelated to TNM staging, differentiation of tumor cells, lymph node metastasis or tumor size. 4. The expression of MMP-13 increased as tumor size increased (P < 0.05). However it was not related to TNM staging, the differentiation of tumor cells or lymph node metastasis. We concluded that the expression patterns of MMP-2, MMP-3, and MMP-13 may play a role in the diagnosis, treatment plan and prognostic evaluation of malignant tumors of the tongue.
Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell* ; Diagnosis ; Extracellular Matrix ; Lymph Nodes ; Matrix Metalloproteinases ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neoplasm Staging ; Tongue*

Loss of E-cadherin (E-cad) expression has been found in multiple cancers and is postulated to facilitate tumor cell dissociation and metastais. Promotor methylation may provides an alternative pathway for loss of gene function. This study evaluated the role of hypermethylation in the down-regulation of E-cad in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We examined the E-cad expression by immunohistochemical staining and detected methylation status by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) in 20 OSCC tissues. Overally, 12 (60 %) cases of hypermethylation of E-cad were detected and we found there were no correlation between methylation and age, histologic grade, lympn node metastasis, tumor size and clinical stage. However, Eleven (73.3 %) of 15 samples which was negative for E-cad staining showed hypermethylation of E-cad promotor region. On the other hand, only one (20 %) of 5 E-cad positive sample was observed with methylated status. The underexpression of E-cad was found to be related to promotor hypermethylation (p=0.035). In conclusion, we suggest that hypermethylation play a role in inactivation of E-cad gene and may be a appreciable biomarker for diagnosis and treatment of OSCC.
Cadherins ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Dissociative Disorders ; Down-Regulation ; Hand ; Methylation ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Promoter Regions, Genetic

Loss of E-cadherin (E-cad) expression has been found in multiple cancers and is postulated to facilitate tumor cell dissociation and metastais. Promotor methylation may provides an alternative pathway for loss of gene function. This study evaluated the role of hypermethylation in the down-regulation of E-cad in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We examined the E-cad expression by immunohistochemical staining and detected methylation status by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) in 20 OSCC tissues. Overally, 12 (60 %) cases of hypermethylation of E-cad were detected and we found there were no correlation between methylation and age, histologic grade, lympn node metastasis, tumor size and clinical stage. However, Eleven (73.3 %) of 15 samples which was negative for E-cad staining showed hypermethylation of E-cad promotor region. On the other hand, only one (20 %) of 5 E-cad positive sample was observed with methylated status. The underexpression of E-cad was found to be related to promotor hypermethylation (p=0.035). In conclusion, we suggest that hypermethylation play a role in inactivation of E-cad gene and may be a appreciable biomarker for diagnosis and treatment of OSCC.
Cadherins ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Dissociative Disorders ; Down-Regulation ; Hand ; Methylation ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Promoter Regions, Genetic

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cell Differentiation ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Korea ; Lymph Nodes ; Mouth Neoplasms ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Peptide Hydrolases ; Prognosis ; Radiotherapy ; Saints ; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 ; Tongue

Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVF) are abnormal connections between intracranial arterial and venous systems within the dural layers. Intracranial DAVFs are rare but can occur wherever dural components exist. The pathogenesis of DAVFs is controversial. Venous hypertension is considered as a main cause of clinical symptoms which are subclassified into asymptomatic, benign and aggressive manifestations. To date, several classification schemes have been proposed to stratify the natural course and risks of DAVFs. Currently, endovascular therapy is the main treatment modality. Moreover, the use of radiosurgery and radiotherapy has been limited. Open surgery is also selectively performed as a main treatment modality for specific types of DAVFs and an adjunctive modality for the endovascular approach. Herein, we present a review of the general perspectives of intracranial DAVFs with an emphasis on the role of surgery.

This study examined the colostrum nutritive composition, immunoglobulin (Ig), and microbial community in Holstein and Jersey dairy cows according to the time after calving. The experiment used seven Holstein and three Jersey dairy cows. Colostrum was collected immediately after calf calving, 12, and 24 hours, and stored at −80°C until analysis. An analysis of the nutritive composition in colostrum was performed using LactoScop. The immune indicators were analyzed using an ELISA Kit, and the microbial community was assessed using a Macrogen Inc. The protein level was high in all colostrum samples from Holstein dairy cows compared with Jersey dairy cows, but there was no significant difference according to the time after calving. Immune index analysis revealed high IgG and IgA concentrations in the colostrum of Holstein cows immediately after calving and 12 and 24 hours after calving, but the differences were not significant. The microbial community at the genus level revealed Staphylococcus to be predominant at a high rate in the colostrum of Holstein dairy cows and Enterococcus in Jersey dairy cows 12 hours after calving. Pseudomonas was predominant at a high rate in the colostrum of Jersey lactating cows immediately and 12 hours after calving. Chryseobacterium was predominant at a high rate in Holstein dairy cows 12 and 24 hours after calving. In conclusion, these results are expected to be used as research data on the correlation between quality, immunity, and microbial community in the colostrum. In the future, beneficial microorganisms in the colostrum of domestic dairy cows can be used to improve the growth and immunity of Holstein and Jersey calves and assist in research related to postbiotics industrialization.

Herein, two cases of penile Mondor's disease are described. The first was a 45-year-old man who complained of a small subcutaneous induration, with localized discomfort at the distal rim of the coronal sulcus of the penis. The other was a 46-year-old man who complained of similar symptoms of penile induration. The lesions were surgically removed under local anesthesia, and found to be thromboses of the penile superficial dorsal vein. As a result, the diagnoses of Mondor's disease of the penis were confirmed.
Anesthesia, Local ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Penile Diseases ; Penile Induration ; Penis* ; Thrombophlebitis* ; Thrombosis ; Veins*

BACKGROUND: Airway remodelling has been linked to the development of airway hyperresponsiveness. However, current treatments have little control the airway remodelling in asthmatic patients. Recently BCG immunization induce immunomodulation that was attributed to the ability of helper T cell type 1 (TH1) immune response. In order to investigate the effect of BCG on the remodelling in the Houst Dust Mite (HDM) induced allergic asthma in mice, we observed the change of airway remodelling, allergic inflammatory responses and airway hyperresponsiveness in the asthmatic mice on going allergic responses after BCG via subcutaneous injection. METHODS: 4-6-week-old female BALB/c mice were divided into three groups; mice in BCG group received 2 X 10(4) colony-forming units/100 micro L of BCG subcutaneously on days 14, 21 and 28, whereas mice in asthma group received phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Subsequently, mice in asthma and BCG groups were immunization and intranasal challenge with HDM for 9 weeks. On days 60, 61 and 62, two groups received an intranasal dose of 10 micro gram HDM and then enhanced pause was monitored. The mice were examined for the extent of the goblet cell hyperplasia, the thickness of subepithelial fibrosis and peribronchial smooth muscle. Analyses of immunoglobuline E (IgE) response, HDM- specific IgG1 and IgG2a responses in serum, cytokine pattern and eosinophilia in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were carried out. RESULTS: Control group did not show goblet cell hyperplasia, but asthma group showed a significant increase in the extent of goblet cell hyperplasia. There was a significant increase in the thickness of subepithelial fibrosis and peribronchial smooth muscle in the asthma group in comparing with the control group (p<0.01). Comparison of BCG and asthma groups showed statistically significant differences in goblet cell numbers, thickness of peribronchial smooth muscle (p<0.01). BCG group were most significantly protected from airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine, BAL eosinophilia (p<0.01), BAL fluid IL-4 levels (p<0.01), serum total IgE (p<0.01) and HDM-specific IgG1 (p<0.01). No changes were observed IL-10, IL-13, interferon-gamma and Transforming growth factor-beta levels in the BAL fluid and the thickness of subepithelial fibrosis. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that BCG could be effective in the treatment of the chronic changes of airways due to asthma and associated with the induction of TH1 immune response.
Airway Remodeling ; Animals ; Asthma* ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage ; Dust* ; Eosinophilia ; Female ; Fibrosis ; Goblet Cells ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Hypersensitivity ; Immunization ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulins ; Immunomodulation ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Interferon-gamma ; Interleukin-10 ; Interleukin-13 ; Interleukin-4 ; Methacholine Chloride ; Mice* ; Mites ; Muscle, Smooth ; Mycobacterium ; Mycobacterium bovis*