Neural processing of tactile information in the brain has been relatively less unveiled compared to other senses, such as visual and auditory information. This is partly due to difficulties in creating tactile stimuli, a wide distribution of tactile receptors over the whole body, the lack of rich understanding of tactile perception, and tight coupling of tactile sensation with action. Nonetheless, it is important to understand how the central nervous system processes tactile information in order to develop clinical solutions for impairment of somatosensory systems, create artificial tactile systems for robots, and advance the assistive technology based on perception-action coupling for the elderly. In this review, we revisit recent investigations of neural processing of tactile information in the human brain using neuroimaging. In particular, this review focuses on cutaneous innocuous tactile information.

No abstract available.
Humans ; Urinalysis*

Brachial plexus injury is regarded as one of the most devastating injuries of the upper extremity. Accurate diagnosis is important to obtain the successful results. Basic preoperative evaluation includes simple radiography, cervical myelography. Magnetic resonance imaging, angiography, electrophysiologic studies and intraoperative studies. Furthermore, proper timing of surgery, surgical indication, plan and sufficient understanding of patients about the prognosis are the key for the satisfactory outcomes. This article provides an overview of the evaluation, diagnosis, intraoperative monitoring, and proper surgical planning for the treatment of posttraumatic brachial plexus injuries.
Angiography ; Brachial Plexus* ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Monitoring, Intraoperative ; Myelography ; Prognosis ; Radiography ; Upper Extremity

No abstract available.
Curettage* ; Ear*

Pulmonary embolism is a serious complication, which is well known in patients undergoing total hip or total knee arthroplasty or lower extremity fracture surgery. But, there are few literatures concerning pulmonary embolism after upper extremity surgery. Pulmonary embolism after minor upper extremity fracture surgery is extremely rare. We report a case of 66-year-old female patient that developed pulmonary embolism after percutaneous cannulated screw fixation for a greater tubercle fracture of the proximal humerus with literature review.
Aged ; Arthroplasty ; Female ; Fracture Fixation ; Hip ; Humans ; Humerus* ; Knee ; Lower Extremity ; Pulmonary Embolism* ; Shoulder Fractures ; Upper Extremity

The authors describe the case of a man who presented with T2-T3 disc herniation. The lesion was successfully identified by computed tomography with iopamidol myelogram and other radiological examinations. A posterolateral approach was tried and made successful result by the aids of microsurgical divices.
Iopamidol

Lymphangioma is a rare harmatoma which is hisotopathologically characterized by lymphatic vessel dilatation but with normal endothelial cell lining and clear fluid. Most lesions develop in infancy and are classified into variable categories. We present a case of lymphangioma circumscriptum that developed after two carvenous hemangioma operations. A 19 year old male was operated on twice at 1 and 3 years of age due to a carvenous hemangioma on his abdominal wall. At 19 years old, he presented with grouped, dark-brown vesicles resembling frogspawn. Histopathologically, there were typical features of lymphangioma.
Abdominal Wall ; Dilatation ; Endothelial Cells ; Hemangioma ; Humans ; Lymphangioma* ; Lymphatic Vessels ; Male ; Young Adult

BACKGROUND: Good documentation of electrical injuries at the time of presentation is very important to emergency management, so this study was designed to investigate the clinical characteristics and the outcomes of patients with electrical injury. METHODS: A review of 75 cases of electrical injuries admitted to our hospital via the emergency department over a 4 year period from 1996 to 1999 was conducted. RESULTS: There were 49 patients with high-voltage injuries and 19 patients with low-voltage injuries. All but 4 patients were males, with a mean age of 29.5 years. The most common type of injury was 14.5% TBSA in the high-voltage group and 2.5% in the low-voltage group. Forty-nine(72.1%) of the injuries were work related. The number of patient with compartment syndrome was 19, and fasciotomies were performed in all but one patient. Myoglobinuria was noted in 22 patients, but no patient developed acute renal failure due to myoglobinuria. In the high-voltage group, 10 limb amputations were performed. Complication were observed in 12 patients. The most common complication was neurological injury. The average length of hospital stay was 50.7 days in the high-voltage group and 13.8 days in the low-voltage group. The overall mortality rate was 4.3%. CONCLUSION: Prevention of electrical injuries is very important. Education and compliance with safety measures, as well as basic knowledge and precaution in dealing with electricity, are essential to avoid these injuries.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Amputation ; Burns* ; Compartment Syndromes ; Compliance ; Education ; Electricity ; Emergencies ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Extremities ; Humans ; Length of Stay ; Male ; Mortality ; Myoglobinuria

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to estimate the medical expenditures for poisoning patients in Korea using data from National Health Insurance and the Korea Health Panel Survey. Methods: The operational definition of poisoning was the presence of Korean Standard Classification of Diseases codes from T36 to T65. The number of poisoning patients, the amount of legal copayments, and benefit and non-benefit costs were extracted from both databases. The frequency of emergency, inpatient, and outpatient treatment utilization by poisoning patients was determined, and medical expenses were calculated. Linear regression analyses were performed to investigate factors affecting the medical expenses of poisoning patients. Results: The number of poisoning patients increased from 97,965 in 2011 to 147,984 persons in 2020. Medical expenses also increased by 74% from Korean won (KRW) 30.1 billion to KRW 52.3 billion, and benefit costs also increased by 79%. The average outpatient cost per person was KRW 67,660, and the inpatient cost was KRW 1,485,103. The average non-benefit medical expenses were KRW 80,298, accounting for about 16.2% of the total expenses. Multivariable analysis showed that the total expenditure was associated with economic status and disabilities. Conclusion The average medical expenditure per poisoning patient was KRW 534,302 in 2020, and poisoning-related costs gradually increased during the study period. Further research on the economic burden of poisoning should include indirect costs and reflect disease-adjusted life years.

This comprehensive review explores the broad landscape of brain–computer interface (BCI) technology and its potential use in intensive care units (ICUs), particularly for patients with motor impairments such as quadriplegia or severe brain injury. By employing brain signals from various sensing techniques, BCIs offer enhanced communication and motor rehabilitation strategies for patients. This review underscores the concept and efficacy of noninvasive, electroencephalogram-based BCIs in facilitating both communicative interactions and motor function recovery. Additionally, it highlights the current research gap in intuitive “stop” mechanisms within motor rehabilitation protocols, emphasizing the need for advancements that prioritize patient safety and individualized responsiveness. Furthermore, it advocates for more focused research that considers the unique requirements of ICU environments to address the challenges arising from patient variability, fatigue, and limited applicability of current BCI systems outside of experimental settings.