Sustained downgaze mostly occurs in association with lesions affecting the dorsal midbrain. We report sustained downgaze in a patient with hepatic encephalopathy. The sustained downgaze existed for seven more days after she regained her consciousness. The persistent downgaze even after regaining full consciousness indicates localized pretectal dysfunction rather than diffuse encephalopathy as the mechanism of sustained downgaze in our patient. The ocular motor dysfunction in hepatic encephalopathy may be due to localized dysfunction of the brainstem

PURPOSE: Urinary tract infection(UTI) in children may be cause of end stage renal failure and hypertension. So, early detection of renal scar, vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) and anomaly, and proper management are important. We carried this study to observe the significance of 24 hours urine beta2-microglobulin(beta2-MG) for predicting renal injury and correlation of beta2-MG with the grade of VUR. METHODS: We evaluated 52 patients with UTI who were admitted to the department of Pediatrics, Sung-Ae General Hospital from April 1994 to December 1994. All patients were evaluated with 99mTc-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) renal scan, voiding cystourethrogram(VCUG) and 24 hours urine beta2-MG. We divided them into 3 groups, group A; renal scarring in DMSA scan and no reflux in VCUG(14 patients), group B; renal scarring and reflux (10 patients), and group C; no renal scarring and reflux (24 patients). RESULTS: 1) Among 52 patients, 31 patients(59.6%) were less than 1 year of age and 21 patients(40.4%) were older than 1 year. The sex ratio of male to female was 1.6:1. 2) Among 24 patients with renal scarring, 15 patients(63%) were less than 1 year of age, and vesicoureteral reflux was observed in 10 patients (41.6%). 3) Vesicoureteral reflux was seen in 14 patients (26.9%): one with grade I, four with grade II, six with grade III, one with grade IV, and two with grade V. 4) The values of 24 hours urine beta2-MG in group A and B were 3.94+/-6.13mg /g Cr and 3.72+/-5.38mg/g Cr respectively, while 0.85+/-0.63mg/g Cr in group C, showing significant difference between group A and group C(p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between group A and B(p>0.05). The grade of vesicoureteral reflux was also significantly correlated with the level of 24 hours urine beta2-MG. 5) 24 hours urine beta2-MG was significantly decreased with improvement of renal scarring after successful treatment of urinary tract infection. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of 24 hours urine beta2-MG can be used as a sensitive marker of the severity of UTI and also useful for the evaluation of successful treatment and prognosis of patients with urinary tract infection.
beta 2-Microglobulin ; Child ; Cicatrix ; Female ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Male ; Pediatrics ; Prognosis ; Renal Insufficiency ; Sex Ratio ; Succimer ; Urinary Tract Infections* ; Urinary Tract* ; Vesico-Ureteral Reflux

No abstract available.
Ifosfamide*

In proceeding with orthodontic treatment, the prediction for the shape, growth rate and growth direction of mandible plays a major role to set up the treatment plan and determine its period and prognosis. Various approaches being made so far have shown that the linear and angular measurement using lateral cephalograms are relatively accurate to estimate them. This study was purposed to find the shape of mandible more clearly by preventing the overlap of the Condyle head area which appears in lateral cephalogram, and to estimate its growth rate by comparing the growth quantity and ratio via lateral area measurement. This experimental was performed against 40 patients total, of which Class I of 14, Class II of 9 and Class III of 17 consist. Wide open lateral cephalograms of 40 patients were taken over average period of 4 Year 3 Months, then the linear and angular measurements were carried out with 11 itemized lists. Autocad R14 application program was utilized to draw their appearance, measure and compare their lateral area. As a result of study, conclusions were made as follows; 1. Mandibular body length (gonion-menton) tended to increase in order of CIII, CI and CII, and Mandibular body length of CIII group had a tendency to grow twice faster than that of CII group. 2. In lateral items such as Go-Me, A-Cd, B-Cp, E-F and G-H, CIII showed a significant increase on the year-average quantity and rate of the growth, and especially apparent difference was observed in CIII group rather than CII group. 3. For the 4 Year 3 Months period, the year-average growth quantity of lateral area of the mandible was 1.0 cm2 for Class I, 0.8 cm2 for Class II and 1.4 cm2 for Class III, which corresponds to 11.9%, 11.8% and 20.3% of growth ratio respectively. Thus, growth ratio almost 2 times more than other groups was observed in group CIII while growth ratio between group CI and CII has little difference. 4. Considering the results as above, it can be proposed that the difference in size of the mandible between groups is caused by the difference in the growth rate and growth quantity of the mandible, which generated in the middle of growth, rather than the difference in size of congenital Jaw-bone.
Head ; Humans ; Mandible* ; Prognosis

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical outcome of high-dose-rate (HDR) interstitial brachytherapy (IBT) in patients with oral cavity cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen patients with oral cavity cancer treated with HDR remote-control afterloading brachytherapy using 192Ir between 2001 and 2013 were analyzed retrospectively. Brachytherapy was administered in 11 patients as the primary treatment and in five patients as salvage treatment for recurrence after the initial surgery. In 12 patients, external beam radiotherapy (50-55 Gy/25 fractions) was combined with IBT of 21 Gy/7 fractions. In addition, IBT was administered as the sole treatment in three patients with a total dose of 50 Gy/10 fractions and as postoperative adjuvant treatment in one patient with a total of 35 Gy/7 fractions. RESULTS: The 5-year overall survival of the entire group was 70%. The actuarial local control rate after 3 years was 84%. All five recurrent cases after initial surgery were successfully salvaged using IBT +/- external beam radiotherapy. Two patients developed local recurrence at 3 and 5 months, respectively, after IBT. The acute complications were acceptable (< or =grade 2). Three patients developed major late complications, such as radio-osteonecrosis, in which one patient was treated by conservative therapy and two required surgical intervention. CONCLUSION: HDR IBT for oral cavity cancer was effective and acceptable in diverse clinical settings, such as in the cases of primary or salvage treatment.
Brachytherapy* ; Humans ; Mouth Neoplasms ; Mouth* ; Radiotherapy ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies

Purpose: Proton beam therapy (PBT) is a state-of-the-art technology employed in radiotherapy (RT) for cancer patients. This study characterized how PBT has been used in clinical practice in Korea. Materials and Methods: Patients who received any type of RT between 2007 and 2019 were identified from the radiation oncology registry of the two PBT facilities operating in Korea (National Cancer Center and Samsung Medical Center). The chi-square test was used to identify patient- and treatment-related characteristics associated with the receipt of PBT. Results: A total of 54,035 patients had been treated with some form of RT in the two institutions, of whom 5,398 received PBT (10.0%). The number of patients who receive PBT has gradually increased since PBT first started, from 162 patients in 2007 to 1,304 patients in 2019. Among all types of cancer, PBT use in liver cancer has been steadily increasing from 20% in 2008-2009 to 32% in 2018-2019. In contrast, that in prostate cancer has been continuously decreasing from 20% in 2008-2009 to < 10% in 2018-2019. Male sex, very young or old age, stage I-II disease, residency in non-capital areas, a definitive setting, a curative treatment aim, enrollment in a clinical trial, re-irradiation and insurance coverage were significantly associated with the receipt of PBT (all p < 0.05). Conclusion Since PBT started in Korea, the number of patients receiving PBT has increased to more than 1,000 per year and treatment indications have expanded. Liver cancer is the most common primary tumor among all PBT cases in Korea.

Mirizzi syndrome is a so-called functional hepatic syndrome with obstruction of the common hepatic duct secondary to pressure from an impacted stone, either in the cystic duct or the neck of the gallbladder. Mirizzi syndrome is classified into two types based on endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatographic findings. Type I involves external compression of the common hepatic duct by a large stone impacted in the cystic duct or Hartmann's pouch. In type II, a chole-cystocholedochal fistul is present, caused by a calculus which has eroded partly or completely into the common bile duct. Gallstone obstruction of the cystic duct with resulting repeated attacks of inflammation and pressure necrosis leads to the formation of cholecystocholedochal fistulas. We experienced a 70-year-old female patient with Mirizzi syndrome type II, who complained of abdominal discomfort. ERCP revealed multiple filling defects in contracted gallbladder, which compressed lateral wall of common hepatic duct. Peroral cholangioscopy revealed an impacted stone at the neck of the gallbladder with neighboring mucosal erosions. She was treated under the diagnosis of Mirzzi syndrome type II by endoscopic biliary drainage and surgical operation.
Aged ; Calculi ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Common Bile Duct ; Cystic Duct ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 ; Diagnosis ; Drainage ; Female ; Fistula* ; Gallbladder ; Gallstones ; Hepatic Duct, Common ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Mirizzi Syndrome* ; Neck ; Necrosis

Mirizzi syndrome is a so-called functional hepatic syndrome with obstruction of the common hepatic duct secondary to pressure from an impacted stone, either in the cystic duct or the neck of the gallbladder. Mirizzi syndrome is classified into two types based on endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatographic findings. Type I involves external compression of the common hepatic duct by a large stone impacted in the cystic duct or Hartmann's pouch. In type II, a chole-cystocholedochal fistul is present, caused by a calculus which has eroded partly or completely into the common bile duct. Gallstone obstruction of the cystic duct with resulting repeated attacks of inflammation and pressure necrosis leads to the formation of cholecystocholedochal fistulas. We experienced a 70-year-old female patient with Mirizzi syndrome type II, who complained of abdominal discomfort. ERCP revealed multiple filling defects in contracted gallbladder, which compressed lateral wall of common hepatic duct. Peroral cholangioscopy revealed an impacted stone at the neck of the gallbladder with neighboring mucosal erosions. She was treated under the diagnosis of Mirzzi syndrome type II by endoscopic biliary drainage and surgical operation.
Aged ; Calculi ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Common Bile Duct ; Cystic Duct ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 ; Diagnosis ; Drainage ; Female ; Fistula* ; Gallbladder ; Gallstones ; Hepatic Duct, Common ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Mirizzi Syndrome* ; Neck ; Necrosis

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study is to compare the outcome of the modified transvaginal cerclage (MTVC) in patients who had not undergone a previous TVC with the outcome of patients treated with the transvagianl cerclage (TVC). METHOD: Incompetent cervix patients in the Obstetric/Gynecology department of Hanyang University Hospital post January, 1996 were selected as subjects for this study. 94 patients who received the TVC and 44 patients who received the MTVC using fibrin sealant were compared. The success of the operation was determined in the 34th week of pregnancy, and duration of pregnancy. RESULTS: Clinical characteristics of the TVC group and the MTVC group are showing no significant statistical difference between the two groups. The average gestational age of delivery was 36.0 and 37.0 week and the average weight was 2,797 g and 2,828 g respectively, also showing no significant (p=0.06) statistical difference. However, the duration of pregnancy between surgery and birth was 19.5 and 21.5 weeks showing significant (p=0.013) statistical difference, when the success rates of the treatments of incompetent cervix were observed according to the 34th week standard, TVC showed a 74% (71/96) rate of success and MTVC with fibrin sealant showed a 90.9% (40/44) rate of success, showing a significant statistical difference (Chi(2)=4.503, p<0.05). CONCLUSION:The success rate of MTVC using fibrin sealant showed to be significantly higher than the success rate of TVC. The reason for the difference in success rates is suspected to be because the fibrin sealant injected between the two TVC bands blocked the possibility of infection originating in the vagina. In the future, further research should focus on cultures of vaginal and amniotic fluids.
Pregnancy ; Female ; Humans

BACKGROUND: Metastatic skin cancers are relatively uncommon, however, may forcast the diagnosis of internal malignancy. Therefore, early recognition can contribute to proper management. OBJECTIVE: We studied patients with metastatic skin cancer to find out average age, gender distribution, frequency of primary tumor, time interval between manifestation and primary cancer, and their clinical appearance, location, other metastatic sites and survival time. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records, clinical photographs and histopathologic records of 80 patients who had been diagnosed with metastatic skin cancer at the department of dermatology and pathology in Chonbuk National University Hospital during the last 19 years from January 1986 to December 2004. RESULTS: The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 58.8 years. The ratio of men to women was 1.05:1. The most frequent primary tumors were breast cancer (20.0%), lung cancer (15.0%), colorectal cancer (8.8%), head and neck cancer (8.8%), and gastric cancer (8.8%). Lung cancer in men and breast cancer in women were the most common primary cancers. The sites of metastatic skin cancer were widespread over the whole body. However, the abdomen and chest were the most common sites for metastases, because most cutaneous metastases occur at body regions near the primary tumor. Metastatic skin cancers usually presented as discrete, painless, hard nodules, with sudden onset. However, we also found ulcers, inflammatory patches, plaques and cystic masses as clinical manifestations of metastatic skin cancer. The mean interval time between manifestation and primary tumor was 23.5 months. Histopathological findings indicated that adenocarcinoma was the most common pathologic type, followed by squamous carcinoma, melanoma and small cell carcinoma. Metastatic skin cancers revealed grave prognosis. The mean survival time after diagnosis of metastatic skin cancer was 9.9 months. CONCLUSION: The incidence of metastatic skin cancer was much lower than in western countries, maybe because of genetic and racial differences. Overall incidence of common metastatic skin cancer was similar to that found in the literature, but our results showed a periodic difference according to primary cancer type, other organs metastasized, plus mean survival rate was 9.9 months, thereby confirming a poor prognosis of metastatic skin cancer.
Abdomen ; Adenocarcinoma ; Body Regions ; Breast Neoplasms ; Carcinoma, Small Cell ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Dermatology ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Head and Neck Neoplasms ; Humans ; Incidence ; Jeollabuk-do ; Lung Neoplasms ; Male ; Medical Records ; Melanoma ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Pathology ; Prognosis ; Skin Neoplasms* ; Skin* ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Survival Rate ; Thorax ; Ulcer