In order to grasp the real status of male sterility of the Koreans, clinical observation, semen analysis, and testicular biopsy were conducted on 257 cases. the study was performed in the Department of Urology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine during the period from April 1963 to March 1968 for5 years. 1) The 257 cases complained of sterility occupied 4.3% of the total number of outpatients, 5927. visited during the observation period. 2) The age range of the cases applied was from 55, maximum, to 21. minimum, with the category of 26 to 35 occupying 2/3 of the whole. 3) The majority of the cases were in the 2nd to 5th year of their marriages 10.8%. 4) Cities were found to produce more of such cases than the country. and no specific relationship was revealed to be connected with patient's occupations. 5) Tuberculous diseases weremore prevalent in the past histories of those involved, and gonorrhea and mumps showed a decreasing tendency. 6) 141 cases (55.2%) produced 2 to 4ml of semen amount and 40 cases, less than 1.0ml. 7) 90 cases (35.O%) were found have azoospermia and 122 cases (47.7%) had more than 50 X 10(6) sperms, 8) 106 cases (63.5%) had higher than 60% of active sperm while 16 cases showed to have less than 20%. 9) Findings of testicular biopsies were conducted on 35 cases with azoospermia of oligospermia: Germinal cell aplasia-17 cases (48.6%); spermatogenic arrest-10 cases (28.6%); hypospermatogenesis-6 cases (17.1%); normal-2 cases.
Azoospermia ; Biopsy ; Gonorrhea ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Hand Strength ; Humans ; Infertility ; Infertility, Male* ; Male ; Male* ; Marriage ; Mumps ; Occupations ; Oligospermia ; Outpatients ; Semen ; Semen Analysis ; Spermatozoa ; Urology

Vasectomy is one of the accepted simple procedure as a contraceptive method. However, there have been no reliable reports on the rate of sperm disappearance from the ejaculate following vasectomy. Rieser found the 14 of the 21 patients with follow-up semen studies required an average of 8 weeks to be azoospermic, and Freund and Davis described that sperm free semen was noted after 6 to 10 ejaculations following bilateral vasectomy. In order to determine the exact end point in terms of the frequency of ejaculations after vasectomy to be sperm free in the ejaculate, a clinical observation was made on the 50 vasectomized patients for the last 3 years. Bilateral vasectomy was performed through a midline incision in the scrotal raphe under local anesthesia (2% procaine). Each semen specimen was collected by coitus using condom. The results obtained were as follows; l) The fourth decade was the most prevalent age group to have had vasectomy(44 cases). The mean number of children was 3. 3 (male 2.2, female 1.1). The 25 patients (38.5%) had two sons and a daughter, and there were no patients without a son. 2) The postoperative first specimen was obtained in all of the 50 cases, the second in 35, the third in 27. the fourth in 20, the fifth in 15, the sixth in 10, the seventh in 3, and the eighth in only one. 3) The meat volume of the semen was not varied with the frequency of ejaculations. The average number of the spermatozoa on the first ejaculate following vasectomy was 43 millions, 23 millions on the second, 16 millions on the third, and 2 millions on the fourth. 4) On the rate of sperm free in the ejaculates in terms of the number of the ejaculations, 7.4 per cent became azoospermic on the third, 20 per cent on the fourth, 33 per cent on the fifth, 60 per cent on the sixth, and 67 per cent on the seventh ejaculation.
Anesthesia, Local ; Child ; Coitus ; Condoms ; Contraception ; Ejaculation ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Meat ; Nuclear Family ; Semen ; Spermatozoa* ; Vasectomy*

The mongrel dogs, anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium, were used as experimental animals. The effects of a single intravenous injection of ethyl adrianol. 0.5 mg per kg of body weight, on cardiovascular response and urinary flow were compared with those of epinephrine, 0.05 mg per kg of body weight and norepinephrine, 0.05 mg per kg of body weight. 1) The pressor effect induced with 0.5 mg of ethyl adrianol per kg of body weight was similar to that with equipressor doses, 0.05 mg, kg of epinephrine or norepinephrine. 2) The duration of the pressor action of ethyladrianol lasted at least one hour but only about 15minutes with equipressor dose of epinephrine or norepinephrine. 3) Ethyladrienol was responsible for the increase of the urinary volume, which phenomenon is assumed to be related of the renal-function and the durability of the reaction. 4) Ethyladrianol is considered to be one of the ideal drugs for the treatment of hypotensive shock.
Animals ; Body Weight ; Dogs* ; Epinephrine ; Etilefrine* ; Injections, Intravenous ; Norepinephrine ; Pentobarbital ; Shock

An experiment was made to detect the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis in 120 patients with lower urinary tract infection and 480 male soldiers without any noticeable symptoms. Microscopic examination and cultivation of sediment of centrifuged specimen of urine and of prostatic secretion obtained by prostatic massage was performed. Clinical observation was performed. Clinical observation was also made on 26 cases of Trichomoniasis in the lower urinary tract of males. The results were summarized as follows: 1. T. vaginalis was demonstrated in 7.5% of the lower urinary tract infected group (Group A) and 3.33% of control group (Group B). 2. Motile trichomonads were found in 57.1% through microscopic examination and additionally 42.9% by cultivation. 3. The sites of infection were urethra in 68%, prostate in 40% and bladder and epididymis in 4%. 4. The frequent subjective symptoms were itching sensation in the urethra (16%), perineal discomfort (12%), dysuria (12%) and urethral discharge (8%). 5. Higher level than the normal limit of leukocyte count through microscopic examination was observed in 48% in urine and 24% in prostatic secretion of the patients with Trichomoniasis. 6. Other pathologic bacteriae were demonstrated in 40% in urine and 20% in prostatic secretion by Gram stain. The most frequently mixed bacteriae were Gram positive cocci. 7. Nitrimedazine 250mg was administered orally twice a day for 7 days in 10 cases of Trichomoniasis in the urethra without mixed bacterial infection. The result was effective in 9 cases.
Bacteria ; Bacterial Infections ; Dysuria ; Epididymis ; Gram-Positive Cocci ; Humans ; Leukocyte Count ; Male* ; Massage ; Military Personnel ; Prostate ; Pruritus ; Sensation ; Trichomonas vaginalis ; Urethra ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Tract Infections ; Urinary Tract*

In order to study the change in bacterial population, the effect of immunity on bacteriuria, and the antibody response in urinary tract infections. Escherichia coli 06(06) was inoculated in bladder and kidney of rabbits non-immunized and immunized with 0 antigen of 06 and enterobacterial common. antigen(CA) of Kunin derived from culture supernatant of Salmonella typhimurium. The results obtained are as follow: 1. Rabbits immunized with O6 antigen and CA showed high antibody titers in sera, and tires were usually higher in rabbits immunized with 06 antigen than those with CA. 2. Bacterial counts reached highest number at the first day of observation in urine of rabbits inoculated in bladder, and after 3 days in rabbits inoculated in kidney. Numbers of bacteria decreased gradually after the highest: peak of bacterial counts, but still remained at considerable numbers after 13~l6 days of inoculation. There were no significant differences in bacterial counts between immunized and non-immunized rabbits. 3. Among non-immunized rabbits, antibody titer began to rise from 4th to 7th days of inoculation in bladder, and from 4th day of inoculation :in kidney. Titers were very low in groups inoculated in bladder, and significantly high in rabbits inoculated in kidney. Antibody titers were usually high when large size of inoculum was used 4. Antibody titers decreased ;gradually and slightly when 06- or CA-immunized rabbits were inoculated with 06. 5. Rabbits inoculated 06 into kidney showed considerable increase in antibody titers from 4 to l0days after inoculation in CA. immunized rabbits, while gradual decrease from the beginning of inoculation in those inoculated in bladder. 6. There were no significant changes other than chronic inflammation in kidneys of rabbits inoculated with 06 in kidney of immunized and non-immunized rabbits when observed after about two weeks of inoculation, No significant difference by the size of inoculum was also observed.
Antibody Formation ; Bacteria ; Bacterial Load ; Bacteriuria ; Escherichia coli ; Inflammation ; Kidney ; Rabbits ; Salmonella typhimurium ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Tract Infections* ; Urinary Tract*

The Klinefelter's syndrome is characterized by azoospermia, gynecomastia, a variable degree of eunuchoidism elevated urinary gonadotropins, atrophic testis and hyalinization of the seminiferous tubules in which Leydig cells were preserved. Reviewing some world literatures, we have reported a case of Klinefelter's syndrome associated with right inguinal hernia in 22 year-old Korean male.
Azoospermia ; Eunuchism ; Gonadotropins ; Gynecomastia ; Hernia, Inguinal ; Humans ; Hyalin ; Klinefelter Syndrome* ; Leydig Cells ; Male ; Seminiferous Tubules ; Testis ; Young Adult

The changes in the germinal epithelium of 27 azoospermic patients were studied by light and electron microscope. And a brief clinical observation was also made. The results obtained were as follows, 1) The two thirds of 27 cases were in the age group of 26 to 35. Fifteen cases (55.6%) were in the 2nd to 5th year of their marriages. The tendency of decreasing in tuberculous disease, gonorrhea and mumps was observed in their past history. The average volume of seminal fluid was 2.4ml in amount 2) Light microscopically, spermatogenic arrest was found in 22 cases, and followed by germinal tell aplasia in 3 and hypospermatogenesis in 2. Fifteen of 22 cases of spermatogenic arrest were relatively advanced. Two of 3 cases of germinal cell aplaeia were found in the older age group of 35 to 40, and both of two cases of hypospermatogenesis in the younger age group of 21 to 25. 3) On electron microscopic observation in the hypospermatogenesis, increase in number and mild vacuolar dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum and increase in number of lysosomes in the spermatocytes, and deformities and swelling of acrosomes and vacuolization of nucleoplasm in the spermatocytes, but no significant changes were seen in the spermatogonia and the Sertoli cells. 4) In the spermatogenic arrest, severe degenerative changes such as condensation of chromatin, occurrence of electron dense round bodies, and inapparent cell organells were observed in the spermatocytes. Mild to moderate degenerative changes such as increase in number and dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum, deformities, swelling or atrophy. and decrease in number of cristae of mitochondria were seen in the spermstogonia and the Sertoli cells 5) In the germinal cell aplasia, progressive and degenerative changes such as marked increase in number. vacuolar dilatation, and irregular arrangement of endoplasmic reticulum. marked deformities. swelling, vacuolization, and loss of cristae of mitochondria, and increase in number of lysosomes were noticed.
Acrosome ; Atrophy ; Chromatin ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Dilatation ; Endoplasmic Reticulum ; Epithelium* ; Gonorrhea ; Humans ; Infertility, Male ; Lysosomes ; Male ; Marriage ; Mitochondria ; Mumps ; Oligospermia ; Sertoli Cell-Only Syndrome ; Sertoli Cells ; Spermatocytes ; Spermatogonia

A clinical evaluation of the chemotherapy (INH, PAS and SM) on the 16 patients with renal tuberculosis for the period of 9 months to 4 years was performed. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1) Of the 16 cases with renal tuberculosis, minimal lesion was found in only one case. moderately advanced in 6, and far advanced in 9. 2) In the case of the minimal lesion, no tubercle bacilli were detected by microscopic examination .after the triple therapy for 3 months. It was suggested that the minimal lesion would require at 1eaet 6 months to be cured by the chemotherapy. 3) Five of the 6 cases with the moderately advanced lesion were cured (83%), and at least 12 months were required for the moderately advanced lesion to be cured. 4) In the 9 cases of the far advanced lesion, only one case was cured, two were on the healing process, three were exacerbated even after the therapy for 6 months, and the remaining three were progressed to those with non-visualizing kidneys 9 to 12 months after the therapy. 5) Five of the 6 exacerbated far advanced lesions were associated with ureteral strictures, and thus the ureteral stricture may be an important factor in determining the prognosis of the renal tuberculosis. For the far advanced lesions progressed to the non-visualizing kidneys in spite of the chemo-therapy, surgical interventions are likely to be more favorable.
Constriction, Pathologic ; Drug Therapy* ; Humans ; Kidney ; Prognosis ; Tuberculosis, Renal* ; Ureter

A clinical study was made on 131 cases of urinary lithiasis among the total number of 5.017 out-patients during the 5 years from April 1961 to March 1966, and 100 urinary calculi, safely reserved during the same period in our Department, were analyzed by a chemical method. The results were as following: 1. The incidence of urinary calculi was 2.6 per cent male to female ratio being approximately 5.5:1. 2. Over half the cases of urinary calculi in the Kyungpuk district were found in the Taegu area. The seasonal incidence was common in summer. 3. The age of the patients ranged from 20 to 40 years in approximately two thirds of all cases. 4. The location of the urinary calculi was in the ureter in 46.6 per cent, kidney, bladder, and urethra in that order of frequency. 5. The most favored predirection of ureteral stone was lower third of ureter in approximately 47.5 per cent of all cases. 6. In a number of urinary calculi in each location 87.8 per cent was single, the most common size, below 0.4 cm, in its diameter, and weight, 0.5gm. below on 33 cases. 7. The clinical symptoms of upper urinary tract lithiasis showed flank pain in 92.1 per cent, hematuria 30.1 per cent, and generalized weakness 9.8 percent as well as in lower urinary tract, painful urination in 100 per cent, urinary frequency 38.1 percent and hematuria 35.9 per cent. 8. The microscopic hematuria showed in 88.5 per cent, the incidence of it was higher in lower urinary tract calculi, and pyuria was revealed in 26. 7 per cent. 9. Ureterolithotomy was performed on 29 cases among the 75 cases requiring surgical intervention. 10. The results of qualitative analysis of 100 urinary calculi showed a mixed type of calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate in 41 percent of the cases. The major component of urinary calculi was calcium phosphate-oxalate. 11. The relationship between chemical components of calculi and urinary tract shored calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate more in upper urinary tract, and calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate more in lower urinary tract.
Calcium ; Calcium Carbonate ; Calcium Oxalate ; Calculi ; Daegu ; Female ; Flank Pain ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Incidence ; Kidney ; Lithiasis ; Male ; Outpatients ; Pyuria ; Seasons ; Ureter ; Urethra ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Calculi ; Urinary Tract ; Urination ; Urolithiasis*

Clinical and statistical observation was made on outpatients, inpatients and operations in Urology Department of the University of Kyoung Pook during the period from Jan. 1958 to Dec. 1960 and the results obtained were as follows: I) Clincal Statistics on Outpatients: 1) Total out-patients were 1.151 cases of which total. 1,211 were males and 240 were female. and the male to female ratio was 5:1.2) The period of outpatient attendance was peak from May to August.3) According to age grouping, the maximum attendance was from 21-3O years group, next 31-40 group then 11-20 group, and 21-30 years group formed 1/3 of total patients.4) The most frequent diseases were tuberculosis of urinary tract in 9.8% showing annual decrease according to number and percentage, cystitis in 6.5%, urolithiasis, hydrocele and prostatic tumor which showed annual increase.5) Stones of kidney and bladder showed slight increase.6) Neurosis showed annual increase. II) Clincal Statistics on Inpatients: The inpatients during 3 years were 151 cases, and this total comprised 10.6% of total outpatients.1) The patients admitted comprised 9.8% of male and 15% of female to total outpatients, and the male to female ratio was 3.3:1) The most frequent diseases were renal tuberculosis, urolithiasis, tuberculous epididymitis, hydrocele and urethral stricture3) Stones of kidney and bladder showed annual increase but ureteral stones showed no change.4) The patients admitted to hospital comprised the following percentage of the total attending as outpatients with the diseases indicated: stones of kidney and ureter in 82.6%, bladder tumor in 79.2%, kidney tumor in 83.3%, urethral stricture in 80% and renal tuberculosis in 40%.5) The number of admitted patient has gradually increased year by year. III) Clincal Statistics on Operations: The cases of total operation were 115 during 3 years and the cases of operation formed 2/5 of all cases in 1960 and nephrectomy was peak according to number and percentage showing annual decrease while uretero-ileo-cystoplasty. cystolithotomy and plastic surgery of urethra showed annual increase.
Cystitis ; Epididymitis ; Female ; Humans ; Inpatients* ; Kidney ; Male ; Nephrectomy ; Outpatients* ; Surgery, Plastic ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Renal ; Ureter ; Urethra ; Urethral Stricture ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; Urinary Tract ; Urolithiasis ; Urology*