Vasectomy is one of the accepted simple procedure as a contraceptive method. However, there have been no reliable reports on the rate of sperm disappearance from the ejaculate following vasectomy. Rieser found the 14 of the 21 patients with follow-up semen studies required an average of 8 weeks to be azoospermic, and Freund and Davis described that sperm free semen was noted after 6 to 10 ejaculations following bilateral vasectomy. In order to determine the exact end point in terms of the frequency of ejaculations after vasectomy to be sperm free in the ejaculate, a clinical observation was made on the 50 vasectomized patients for the last 3 years. Bilateral vasectomy was performed through a midline incision in the scrotal raphe under local anesthesia (2% procaine). Each semen specimen was collected by coitus using condom. The results obtained were as follows; l) The fourth decade was the most prevalent age group to have had vasectomy(44 cases). The mean number of children was 3. 3 (male 2.2, female 1.1). The 25 patients (38.5%) had two sons and a daughter, and there were no patients without a son. 2) The postoperative first specimen was obtained in all of the 50 cases, the second in 35, the third in 27. the fourth in 20, the fifth in 15, the sixth in 10, the seventh in 3, and the eighth in only one. 3) The meat volume of the semen was not varied with the frequency of ejaculations. The average number of the spermatozoa on the first ejaculate following vasectomy was 43 millions, 23 millions on the second, 16 millions on the third, and 2 millions on the fourth. 4) On the rate of sperm free in the ejaculates in terms of the number of the ejaculations, 7.4 per cent became azoospermic on the third, 20 per cent on the fourth, 33 per cent on the fifth, 60 per cent on the sixth, and 67 per cent on the seventh ejaculation.
Anesthesia, Local ; Child ; Coitus ; Condoms ; Contraception ; Ejaculation ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Meat ; Nuclear Family ; Semen ; Spermatozoa* ; Vasectomy*

Carcinosarcomas of the female genital tract have generally been regarded as a type of sarcoma. Recent studies, however, suggest the tumor may be more closely related to carcinoma and may represent metaplastic carcinoma in histogenesis. We analyzed clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features of 10 carcinosarcomas to evaluate the relative importance of the carcinomatous and sarcomatous components in metastasis and recurrence. The primary tumor originated in the uterine body in seven cases, the uterine cervix in two and the ovary in one. Patient,s ages ranged from 54 to 71 years (mean, 64). The most common symptom of the uterine mass was vaginal bleeding. The median survival time was 21 months following diagnosis in five cases. Surgico-pathologic FIGO stages of five patients who received an operation were stage III and IV, but clinical FIGO stage of three patients (60%) among them were I. Lymphovascular invasions were identified in seven areas; five vascular invasion lesions showed the carcinomatous component alone, one the sarcomatous component alone, and remained one admixture of both components. Metastatic and recurrent lesions to the paraaortic lymph node, ovary, pelvic wall, or vaginal vault showed characteristically carcinomatous component only. Immunohistochemically, positive reactions for cytokeratin and epithelial membrane antigen were noted in the sarcomatous component of five cases. Vimentin positivity was detected in carcinomatous component of three cases. We conclude that the dominant element in carcinosarcomas of the female genital tract is the carcinomatous component. The survival rate of carcinosarcoma is extremely poor. The surgico-pathologic stage is better indicator of survival than the clinical stage. Immunohistochemical findings suggest that carcinosarcoma may represent a metaplastic carcinoma in histogenesis.
Carcinosarcoma* ; Cervix Uteri ; Diagnosis ; Female* ; Humans ; Keratins ; Lymph Nodes ; Mucin-1 ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Ovary ; Recurrence ; Sarcoma ; Survival Rate ; Uterine Hemorrhage ; Vimentin

No abstract available.
Lung Neoplasms* ; Lung*

A hemagglutination(HA)-typing system has been developed for the presumptive identification of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC) possessing the colonization factor antigens(CFA) Seventy-seven E. coli strains from pediatric patients with or without diarrhea were examined for the mannose-resistant(MR) HA or mannose-sensitive(MS) HA of human, bovine, chicken, and guinea pig erythrocytes and their antibiotic resestances. A significant proportion(68%) of the isolates exhibited the HA pattern of NNNN(experssed in the order human/bovin/chicken/guinea pig erythrocytes), and 10% of the isolates exhibited NNSS, known as the pattern about half of enteropathogenic E. coli serogroups produced. Sixty-nine strains(88%) were resistant to one or more antibiotics; 55(80%) were reristant to four or more antibiotics. The strains showed multiple drug resistance were more higher in HA-positive strains(92% of HA-positive strains) than in HA-negative strains(76% of HA-negative strains) and all of the HA-positive strains with human erythrocytes were resistant to 4 or more antibiotics. There were no significant differences between HA patterns and antibiotic resistance in both the strains from the patients with or without diarrhea. In summary, although the causative organisms in cases of diarrhea of this study have not been established, the date herein suggested that ETEC possessing CFA which produce RRRN or NRRN HA pattern was not participated in this diarrhea.
Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Chickens ; Child* ; Colon ; Diarrhea ; Drug Resistance* ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Drug Resistance, Multiple ; Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli ; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli ; Erythrocytes ; Escherichia coli* ; Escherichia* ; Guinea Pigs ; Hemagglutination* ; Humans

Tracheal neurilemoma, an extremely rare benign tracheal tumor that there has been only one case reported in 1996 throughout the nation, is a slowly progressing disease that obliterates the upper airway, delays diagnosis for its symptom similarity to asthma, and makes intubation for operation difficult. Bronchoscopic is therefore needed for diagnosis. There are two options for the treatment methods, a bronchoscopic resection or open surgical resection; however if intubation is difficult, then the bronchoscopic resection is used first to keep the airway open for the surgical resection. In this case, the severe tracheal stenosis impeding intubation made the surgical resection of the primary tracheal neurilemoma with extratracheal mass impossible; therefore, bronchoscopic laser resection was applied first to optain the airway passage for endotracheal intubation, followed by a successful open surgical resection.
Asthma ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Intubation ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Laser Therapy* ; Neurilemmoma* ; Tracheal Neoplasms ; Tracheal Stenosis*

BACKGROUND: Among malignant diseases, gastric cancer remains a major cause of death in Korea. Many variables are considered to be important to the prognosis of patients with gastric carcinomas. METHODS: The authors evaluated the 5-year survival rates and analyzed the prognostic factors in 448 patients with gastric cancer who had under gone a gastric resection during the period between Dec. 1984 and Dec. 1992. RESULTS: The overall 5-year survival rate was 50.5%, and the survival rates according to the stage were stage Ia, 97.4%; Ib, 56.5%; II, 48.4%; IIIa, 41.6%; IIIb, 7.1%; and stage IV, 14.3%. Univariate analysis was used to relate prognostic factors, such as tumor size, gross type, depth of invasion, lymph node involvement, positive lymph node ratio, distant metastasis, complications, the surgical curability, and the TNM stage, with the survival of the patients. In a multivariate analysis using 11 variables, the TNM stage was the most significant prognostic factor. Besides the TNM stage, the depth of invasion, a lymph node involvement, a positive lymph node ratio, and complications were considered as independent prognostic factors influencing survival. CONCLUSIONS: The current TNM staging system appears to be a reasonable one, and the TMN stage of the tumor at the time of surgery is the most important prognostic factor.
Cause of Death ; Humans ; Korea ; Lymph Nodes ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neoplasm Staging ; Prognosis ; Stomach Diseases ; Stomach Neoplasms* ; Survival Rate

Na-K-ATPase, which is activated by Na+ and K+ at physiologic concentrations, is most abundantly present in tissues which have a high capacity for sodium and potassium transport, and the activity of this enxyme is specifically inhibilted by ouabain. Dopamine, isoproterenol, and ephedrine are the sympathomimetic agonists which are used widely in the clinical field as the therapeatic drugs for hypotension, bradycardia, and arrhythmiss produced by local anesthetics, and also for bronchospasm. This study attempted to investigate the effects of pH changes in the solution of Tris-HCI buffer and the effects of the above sympathomimetic drugs on the Na-K-ATPase activity of re cell ghosts, and to compare the effects of the drug actions in the absence or presence of giaseng extract. The red cell ghosts were purified by the method of Rosenberg and Guidotti, and the amount of the decomposed inorganic phosphorus to be the indicator of Na-K-ATPase activity at 37 degrees C was measured by the method of Fiske and Subbarow. And all the experimental processes were carried out at 44 degrees C(or ice). The results are summarized as follows: 1) The optimal pH of Na-K-ATPase activity was 7.4 and the activities of total ATPase were 1.2125+/-0.0388 and 0.5400+/-0.0135mM/G cells/hr, respectively. 2) The optimal pH did not change in the presence of ginseng extract, and the extract significantly increased the activity of Na-K-ATPase: the activities of total ATPased and Na-K-ATPase were 1.4560+/-0.0615 and 0.6505+/-0.0115mM/L cell/hr, respectively. 3) Dopamine and ephedrine specifically inhibited the Na-K-ATPases activity: The activities of total ATPase and Na-K-ATPase were 1.0505+/-0.0280 and 0.2340+/-0.0240 mM/L cells hr in dopamine 10 mg/ml, and 0.9155+/-0.0210 and 0.0955+/-0.0175mM/L cells/hr in ephedrine 4 mg/ml, respectively. 4) Isoproterenol had no effect on the ATPase activity in the presence or absence of ginseng extract. 5) Ginsang extract significantly decreased the inhibited degree of Na-K-ATPase and was 1.535+/-0.0250 an 1 0.3690+/-0.0415 mM/L celle/hr in dopamine 10mg/ml, and was 1.1075+/-0.0275 and 0.2095+/-0.0370 mM/L cells/hr in ephedrine 4 mg/ml, respectively. 6) Mg-ATPase did not have any effect in the presence of dopamine and ephedrine with or without ginseng extract.
Adenosine Triphosphatases ; Anesthetics, Local ; Bradycardia ; Bronchial Spasm ; Dopamine* ; Ephedrine* ; Erythrocyte Membrane* ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hypotension ; Isoproterenol ; Ouabain ; Panax ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Rabbits* ; Sodium ; Sympathomimetics

The addictive effects by pancuronium on relaxation response to ether, methoxyflurane. halothane, trilene and enfluranc were investigated in the isolated rat intestine preparation. The following results were obtained. 1) Ether in doses of 0.03cc/30ml, 0.1cc/30ml and 0.3cc/30ml produced dose dependent relaxation. 2) Methoxyflurane, halothane, trilene and enflurane in doses of 0.03 cc/30ml, 0.1/30ml and 0.3 cc/30ml did not produce dose dependent relaxation. 3) In the presence of pancuronium in doses of 1 mug/ml and 3mug/ml, ether produced marked dose dependent relaxation respectively in comparison with ether administration alone. 4) In the presence of pancuronium in doses of 1 mug/ml and 3 mug/ml, methoxyflurane, halothane, trilene and enflurane did not produce dose dependent relaxation respectively.
Anesthetics, General* ; Animals ; Enflurane ; Ether ; Halothane ; Intestines* ; Methoxyflurane ; Pancuronium* ; Rats* ; Relaxation ; Trichloroethylene

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evalute the diagnostic value of 2mm video thoracoscopy for primary spontaneous penumothorax. MATERIAL AND METHOD: During the period of March to June 1999, we prospectively analyzed 33 consecutive patients suffering from primary spontaneous pneumothorax. 2mm video-assisted thoracoscopy was compared with the operative finding. We observed recurrence during the mean follow-up of 3months. RESULT: Blebs were present in 24 patient(73%: 24/33). These were treated by 10mm video-assised thoracoscopic stapling. Nine pateints with no bleb were treated with pleural drainage. There were no significant differences in the bleb finding. No recurrence occurred during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: A 2mm video thoracoscopic examination for primary spontaneous pnumothorax is a useful alternative in deciding the operative indication.
Blister ; Drainage ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Pneumothorax ; Prospective Studies ; Recurrence ; Thoracoscopy

OBJECTIVE: Cerebral vasospasm is a common and potentially devastating complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Inflammatory processes seem to play a major role in the pathogenesis of vasospasm. C-reactive protein (CRP) constitutes a highly sensitive inflammatory marker. Elevation of serum CRP levels has been demonstrated in patients with aSAH. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the possible relationship between CRP levels in the serum and transcranial Doppler (TCD) and the development of vasospasm in patients with aSAH. METHODS: A total of 61 adult patients in whom aSAH was diagnosed were included in the study from November 2008 to May 2011. The patients' demographics, Hunt and Hess grade, Fisher grade, CT scans, digital subtraction angiography studies, and daily neurological examinations were recorded. Serial serum CRP measurements were obtained on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 and TCD was measured on days 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13. All patients underwent either surgical or endovascular treatment within 24 hours of their hemorrhagic attacks. RESULTS: Serum CRP levels peaked on the 3rd postoperative day. There were significant differences between the vasospasm group and the non-vasospasm group on the 1st, 3rd and 5th day. There were significant differences between the vasospasm group and the non-vasospasm group on the 3rd day in the mean middle cerebral artery velocities on TCD. CONCLUSION: Patients with high levels of CRP on the 1st postoperative day and high velocity of mean TCD on the 3rd postoperative day may require closer observation to monitor for the development of vasospasm.
Adult ; Aneurysm* ; Angiography, Digital Subtraction ; C-Reactive Protein* ; Demography ; Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm ; Middle Cerebral Artery ; Neurologic Examination ; Organothiophosphorus Compounds ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage* ; Vasospasm, Intracranial*