BACKGROUND: In women, the prevalence of depression is known to be more than twice as high as in men. Because many depressive women complain of their somatic symptoms instead of neurovegetative ones, many cases of depression have been misdiagnosed. Women also tend to use medicine more frequently than men do to manage depression. So we investigated the relationship between somatic symptoms and drug use in housewives for better management. METHODS: From 1st. March to 31st. March in 1996, the prepared questionnaires were presented to housewives living in the area of Kyung-ju city, who responded the questionnaires under direct interview. The questionnaire was composed of two parts. One part included demographic data, somatic complaints, drug use, places of drug purchase, current diseases that had been diagnosed by doctors. The other included Korean standard Beck Depression Inventory-questionnaire. The subjects were divided into two groups by BDI score(21 point), which was the cut-off point for depression in Korea. The relationships of somatic symptoms and drug use between the two groups were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 110 housewives who had depressive trends among 569 respondents. In general characteristics, there was significant difference between the two groups except the item of religion. In the items of somatic symptoms, there were more somatic symptoms in the group of high BDI score(>_21) except fatigue(P<0.01). More drug users were found in the group of high BDI score(>_21) (P<0.05). In the group of high BDI score(>_21), there was definite correlation between the items of somatic symptoms and drug use. There was no difference between the two groups in the item of drug purchase site. The most common site of drug purchase was the drug store in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Depressive housewives complained of more somatic symptoms and more often used drugs as well.
Surveys and Questionnaires ; Depression ; Drug Users ; Female ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Prevalence

No abstract available.
Bile*

No abstract available.
Nipples*

Fourty one cases of open fractures of tibial shaft complicated with varying degrees of soft tissue injuries were trested by one-plane unilateral external fixation with AO fixator. In seventeen csses among them, interfragmental lag screw fixation was applied in addition, for more rigidity and stability of the fixation. All of thern were followed up at least for one year and we obtained the following results. 1. Rigid stable external fixation provided by additional minimum internal fixation may not increase the rate of infection but rather enhance prompt primary bone healing. 2. One-plane unilatersl external fixation may facilitate good access to the wound for subsepuent reconstructive procedures, and enhance pain-free early full range of joint motion, thus promote early bone union. 3. Comparing with bilsteral fixation, there wss almost no difference in the union time of the fracture even with one-plsne unilatersl fixation.
Clinical Study ; External Fixators ; Fractures, Open ; Joints ; Soft Tissue Injuries ; Tibia ; Wounds and Injuries

No abstract available.
Fractures, Spontaneous* ; Osteoporosis*

Twin pregnancies represent a high risk obstetric population with perinatal morbidity and mortality much greater than that of singleton pregnancies. A retrospective dinical evaluation was attempted to analyse 211 cases of twin pregnancies in Chunchon Sacred Heart Hospital of Hallym University from Jan. l. 1988 to Dec. 31. 1997. The results were as follows. 1) The incidence of twin pregnancy was 1 in 93.9 deliveries. 2) The age of mother ranged from 19 to 42 years and predominant age group was 26-30 which covers 43.1% of all. 3) Nullipara was 61.1% and multipara was 38.9%. 4) The predominant gestational age group at delivery was 36-37 weeks, 33.2%. 5) In presentation, both cephalic combination was 46.4%, cephalic-breech was 26.1%. 6) The birth weight was less than 2500gm in 64.9% of the 1st babies and 70.6% of the 2nd babies, respectively. 7) The rate of cesarean section was 89.0%. The indications of cesarean section were malpresention (48.9%), elective cesarean section(38.8%), and toxemia(9.0%). 8) In 23 cases of vaginal delivery, the average duration of labor was 7.0 hours and 43.5% of 2nd baby was delivered within 5 min after 1st baby delivery, 9) The most frequent maternal complications during pregnancy were anemia(36.0%), preterm labor(34.6%) and preeclamsia(17.5%). 10) The perinatal mortality rate of the first and second twins was 10.4% and 12.3%, respectively. The main causes of perinatal death were prematurity(52.1%) and stillborn(22.9%). 11) Both female was 43.6%, both male was 39.3%, and opposite sex was 17.1% in infant.
Birth Weight ; Cesarean Section ; Female ; Gangwon-do ; Gestational Age ; Heart ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Male ; Mortality ; Mothers ; Perinatal Mortality ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Twin* ; Retrospective Studies

Neurofibromatosis is a complex hereditary disease involving many organs and systems. The incidence in pregnancy is less frequent and has been reported as 1/5000 to 1/18500 deliveries. Therefore, little is known about the interactions between neurofibromatosis and pregnancy. A survey of relevant literature suggests that patients with NF have an increased risk of perinatal complications (pregnancy induced hypertension, IUGR, preterm labor, abortion, stillbirth, high cesarean section rate) and maternal disease aggravation (rupture of an aneurysm, sarcomatous degeneration of neurofibroma, activation of pheochromocytoma). Refined ultrasound, flow studies and fetal monitoring allow us to provide improved pregnancy care for neurofibromatosis. However, It should be remembered that even now, neurofibromatosis places pregnant women and their fetuses in a high risk group with the potential to develop life threatening complications. We report a case of vertebral artery aneurysm and preeclampsia complicating a pregnancy with neurofibromatosis."
Aneurysm* ; Cesarean Section ; Female ; Fetal Growth Retardation ; Fetal Monitoring ; Fetus ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Incidence ; Neurofibroma ; Neurofibromatoses* ; Neurofibromatosis 1 ; Obstetric Labor, Premature ; Pre-Eclampsia* ; Pregnancy* ; Pregnant Women ; Stillbirth ; Ultrasonography ; Vertebral Artery*

A secondary cleft lip nasal deformity can be corrected by many procedures including central lip tissue transfer, forked flap, nasal floor and alar base advancement, nasal skin flaps and composite graft. These procedures have been applied for many years, but each one has some conspicuous residual problems. We propose triple V-Y advancement flaps, which we have performed on 13 secondary cleft lip and nasal deformity patients over the past 6 years. The W-shaped triple reverse V-shaped incision easily exposed the alar cartilages. We made the advancement and rotation of the nasal skin flap to lengthen the columella and project the nasal tip. Postoperatively, the columella length and nasolabial angle were found to be increased by an average of 3.7 mm and 42 degrees, respectively. In lateral view, a relatively natural nasal line was achieved. The scar in the nasal tip posed few problems. This procedure should be useful for the correction of the secondary cleft lip nasal deformity.
Cartilage ; Cicatrix ; Cleft Lip* ; Congenital Abnormalities* ; Humans ; Lip ; Skin ; Transplants

No abstract available.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular* ; Collagen* ; Liver Cirrhosis* ; Liver*

BACKGROUND: Hypothermia is a condition that can lead to serious complications and even to death in newborn. Although the temperature control is essential in neonatal care, it is often neglected during urgent transfer from local private hospitals. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the incidence and clinical outcomes of transfer induced neonatal hypothermia. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: In this retrospective study, subject is limited to transferred outborn babies with age less than 24 hours from June 1996 to May 1999. A total of 3,086 patients were admitted in NICU during the study period and inborn and outborn babies were 1,743(56%) and 1,343(44%) respectively. Among the 1,343 outborn babies, 212 babies were transferred from the private hospital within 24 hours of birth and were eligible for the study. Rectal temperature on arrival, transfer time, birth weight, gestational age, initial arterial gas study, and clinical outcome were compared. Statistical analysis has been done with chi-sqaure test and multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: There were 84 cases(39.6%) hypothermia(<36degrees C> among the 212 babies and the rate of hypothermia in transfered babies have not decreased over the study period. There were significantly more hypothermia in lower gestational age (less than 28 weeks) and lower birth weight (less than 2,000gm) caused hypothermia significantly more than normal gestational age or normal range of birth weight. And time interval (less than 12 hour) from birth to arrival at emergency department was also significant factor in hypothermia. The mortality rate was three fold higher in hypothermia than normothermic or hyperthermic babies. CONCLUSION: This study shows that hypothermia during neonate transportation is a major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in prehopital care. Body temperature control during transport of neonates under 24 hours of age should be emphasized for the better outcome of treatment.
Birth Weight ; Body Temperature ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Gestational Age ; Hospitals, Private ; Humans ; Hypothermia* ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant Mortality ; Infant, Newborn* ; Logistic Models ; Mortality ; Parturition ; Reference Values ; Retrospective Studies ; Transportation*