It would seem logical that a left to right shunt may be localized to that chamber in which an increase in oxygen content beyond the normal variation is first seen, while this is generally true, there are certain limitations to such direct diagnostic interpretation. The interpretation of an observed difference in oxygen content is influenced by the result of extremely poor mixing or of a change in respiratory, circulatory or metabolic steady states. This is one of the major challenges to proper interpretation. The purpose of this study was to analyze the blood oxygen content in various chambers of the right side of the heart in patients without shunt and to study the difference in oxygen content between the various chambers. The right heart catheterization was performed in 19 cardiac patients without shunt in Cardiac Laboratory in Hospital. 1. The blood oxygen content was 12.36+/-2.23 volume per cent (mean+/-standard error) in superior vena vava, 12.59+/-2.23 volume per cent in inferior vena cava, 12.59+/-2.23 volume per cent in mid-right atrium, 12.92+/-1.90 volume per cent in mid-right ventricle and 12.26+/-2.13 volume per cent in main pulmonary artery. 2. The mean difference of oxygen content was 0.16 volume per cent between superior vena cava and right atrium, 0.08 volume per cent between right atrium and right ventricle, and 0.06 volume per cent between right ventricle and main pulmonary artery.

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans ; Rheumatic Fever* ; Rheumatic Heart Disease*

Recently the syndrome of mitral valve prolapse with associated auscultatory and other clinical findings has generated considerable interest. Although this syndrome was originally described as benign, more recent observations have demonstrated that the patients are subject to sudden death, life threatening arrhythmias, bacterial endocarditis or hemodynamically significant mitral regurgitation. It is therefore important to identify such patients so that appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis and antiarrhythmic therapy may be instituted. Since earlier reports of this syndrome by Barlow et al. in 1963, various names or descriptions have been applied to the condition based upon pathologic findings, on cinical investigators has stressed different aspects of the entity. Now it is well known that the syndrome is no longer a benign condition. We have recently had the opportunity to study 15 cases of mitral valve prolapse, which was confirmed by left ventricular cineangiography. Among them 9 cases had associated other cardiac anomalies, most frequently secundum type of atrial septal defect. Among 15 cases 8 were female and the ages ranged from 20 to 52. Selective cine-coronary arteriography was also performed in 2 cases who complained of severe chest pain. We discussed generally the clinical features including hemodynamic and angiocardiographic findings, and pertinent literature published until recently were reviewed.
Female ; Humans

Electrocardiography has been long an important tool in cardiac diagnosis and, with advances in electrocardiography, the accuracy of the electrocardiographic diagnosis has been greatly increased. Though the most accurate methods for quantitative diagnosis of mitral valvular disease are cardiac catheterization and ventriculography, these procedures are time consuming, expensive, and not without risk, thus, it would be helpful if routine catheterization of the heart could be avoided in patients who are potential condidates for mitral valvulotomy. This could be done if reliable electrocardiographic criteria could be found for estimating the amount of obstrcution and leak at the mitral valve. As mitral valvular dysfunction progress, changes (hypertrophy and/or dilation) in the left atrium and both ventricles are inevitable. Many authors attempted to characterize the electrocardiographic findings of such changes according to the specific lesion of the mitral valve. In addition to atrial fibrillation, characteristic P wave changes and their diagnostic significance have been reported (Macruz et al., 1958; Arevalo et al., 1963: Morris et al., 1964). The diagnostic importance of QRS voltage difference in precordial leads has been stressed in the differential diagnosis of specific lesions of mitral valvular disease (Janton et al., 1954: Bateman and January, 1955: Wierum and Glenn, 1957: Bentivoglio et al., 1958: Imperial et al., 1960). Semle and Pruitt(1960) reported that a mean QRS electrical axis of +91degrees or more degrees was the most frequent positive single index of increased total pulmonary resistance in mitral stenosis, and Fowler et al. (1955) stated that precordial lead V1 was very helpful in evaluating the degree of pulmonary hypertension. In Korea there are only a few reports on the electrocardiographic changes in mitral valvular disease and the correlation of electrocardiographic findings and hemodynamics (Oh et al., 1961: Kim, 1970: Kim, 1971). It would be evident that the various electrocardiographic findings noted in western races can't be applied to Koreans. The main objectives of this study are: 1. To determine the electrocardiographic characteristics of pure mitral valvular disease and the differentiation between the specific lesions of pure mitral stenosis, pure mitral insufficiency and combined lesions of mitral stenosis and insufficiency. 2. To know whether the characteristic electrocardiographic changes of mitral stenosis are directly related to the narrowed valve area or to the hemodynamic abnormalities secondary to obstruction. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 139 cases of isolated mitral valvular disease were reviewed: of these 93 were cases of pure mitral stenosis, 18 were pure mitral insufficiency, and 28 were combined mitral stenosis and insufficiency. Of the total patients, 68 were male and 71 were female. The ages ranged from 10 to 54 years with an average of 35.6 years. Diagnosis was based on cardiac catheterization and supplemented by cienangiocardiography. The conventional 12 lead electrocardiogram was taken at normal sensitivity and at a paper speed of 25mm/sec. The mitral valve area was estimated according to the Gorlin's formula and cardiac output was determined by the direct Fick's principle. The electrocardiograms were analyzed with respect to: 1. Rhythm (atrial fibrillation and sinus rhythm) 2. Presence or absence of P-mitrale 3. Terminal P force in lead V1 (by the method of Morris et. al., 1964) 4. Mean QRS electrical axis in frontal plane 5. QRS voltage in percordial leads(V1S, V5R, V6R & V1S+V(5-6)R) 6. R/S ratio in lead V1 7. Conduction disturbance of right bundle branch block In patients with pure mitral stenosis the electrocardiographic findings of atrial fibrillation P-mitrale, terminal P force in lead V1 were correlated with the hemodynamic data of mean pulmonary artery pressure, mean pulmonary arterial wedge pressure and mitral valve area. An attempt was made to ascertain whether or not a quantitative correlation could be found. A patient showing electrocardiographic pattern of right bundle branch block was excluded in the evaluation of QRS voltage in lead V1 and mean QRS electrical axis in frontal plane. RESULTS AND SUMMARY: 1. P wave abnormality, which was noted in most (131/139) cases, is apparently a characteristic and most frequent electrocardiographic finding in mitral valvular disease. Of the P weve abnormalities the development of atrial fibrillation and P-mitrale were thought to be related to the duration of the illness rather than to the types of lesion or hemodynamic abnormalities secondary to valvular dysfunction. However, the terminal P force in lead V1 was thought to be related to the mean pulmonary arterial wedge pressure rather than to narrowing of the valve. 2. 15 patients showed the electrocardiographic pattern of right bundle branch block. In patients with mitral stenosis this electrocardiographic pattern was noted at almost all levels of mean pulmonary artery pressure, mean pulmonary arterial wedge pressure, mitral gradient and mitral valve area. 3. Mean QRS electrical axis and QRS voltage in precordial leads; There was no case which deviated leftward more than +30degrees even among cases with a predominant or pure mitral insufficiency. Although the difference of mean value in mean QRS electrical axis and QRS voltage in precordial leads according to the types of the lesion was significant, this difference was generally not helpful in the differential diagnosis in individual patients because of much overlapping among cases. 4. There was no definite electrocardiographic criteria to differentiate clearly the types of mitral valvular disease. However, the following aspects of electrocardiogram may be useful in differential diagnosis. a. Difference of QRS voltage in precordial leads: The volage of V1S and V1S+V(5-6)R in all patients with pure mitral insufficiency was over 1mm and 11mm respectively. That of V1S+V(5-6)R in all patients with pure mitral stenosis was below 39mm. b. R/S ratio in lead V1: There was no case showing "R wave only" in lead V1 among patients with pure or predominant mitral insufficiency. c. Mean QRS electrical axis in frontal plane: The mean QRS electrical axis of all patients with pure mitral stenosis deviated rightward more than +60degrees in all except one case. None of the patients with pure mitral insufficiency deviated rightward more than +110degrees. 5. Relationship between hemodynamics and electrocardiography in paitents with mitral stenosis: Among the hemodynamic abnormalities, mean pulmonary artery pressure showed a close relationship with the following aspects of the electrocardiogram. a. R/S ratio in lead V1:The mean value of mean pulmonary artery pressure (45.9+/-3.8mmHg) in groups showing R/S>1 was significantly elevated as compared with that (34.8+/-1.5mmHg) of groups showing R/Sdegrees1. b. Mean QRS electrical axis in frontal plane: There was a weak positive correlation (r=+0.53) between mean pulmonary artery prersure and QRS electrical axis in the frontal plane. The QRS axis of all patients with a mean pulmonary artery pressure of 41mmHg or more was +91degrees or more except for one case. c. Terminal P force in lead V1: The difference of mean value in mean pulmonary artery pressure according to the size of terminal P force in lead V1 was significant in all cases.
Atrial Fibrillation ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Bundle-Branch Block ; Cardiac Catheterization ; Cardiac Catheters ; Cardiac Output ; Catheterization ; Catheters ; Continental Population Groups ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Electrocardiography* ; Female ; Heart ; Heart Atria ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pulmonary ; Korea ; Male ; Mitral Valve ; Mitral Valve Insufficiency ; Mitral Valve Stenosis ; Pulmonary Artery ; Pulmonary Wedge Pressure

No abstract available.

During the reproductive period, human endometrium undergoes a pattern of cyclic change. Human endometrium undergoes a complex pattern of proliferation, secretory activity, and menstruation over an approximately 28 days period. Proliferative activity is highest during late proliferative phase under influence of estrogen, and minimal activity in the late secretory and menstrual phase. To study a possible change of telomerase activity during menstrual cycle, telomerase activities in normal and hormone treated endometrium were tested using telomerase repeat amplification protocol(TRAP) assay. Telomerase activities were detected in 9 of 10 proliferative endometrium(90%), and maximal activity was shown in late proliferative phase. Only 3 of 10 secretory endometrium(30%) revealed weak activity. However telomerase activity was not detected in menstrual phase endometrium(N 2) and senile endometrium(N=3). Four of tamoxifen treated endometrium(N 4) and 1 of provera treated endometrium(N 3) Levels of telomerase activity of treated endometrium(N 4) and late proliferative endometrium(N 6) were as high as them of detected in endometrial cancer and hyperplasia. Above findings reveal that telomerase activity of endometrium is changed according to menstrual cycle, And the level of telomerase activity is related to proliferative activity of endometrium that is dependent on the status of female sex steroid hormone and tamoxifen treatment.
Endometrial Neoplasms* ; Endometrium* ; Estrogens ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Medroxyprogesterone Acetate ; Menstrual Cycle ; Menstruation ; Reproduction ; Tamoxifen ; Telomerase*

The ventricular septal defect with aortic insufficiency is a relatively uncommon congenital heart disease. Once the prolapse of aortic cusp complicates the ventricular septal defect, the prolapse of the aortic cusp is a progressive, rather than static lesion. With the curent possibility of surgical correction in cases of ventricular septal defect and other abnormalities, the differential diagnosis assumes marked importance. vTwo cases of ventricular septal defect with aortic insufficiency are presented with a review of pertinent literature. These young female patients had long standing palpitation and dyspnea on exertion since childhood. The physical examination showed with pulse pressure, bounding carotid pulsation and a systolic ejection-type murmur and a decrescendo diastolic murmur at the upper left sternal border, which simulated "machinery" type murmur of patent ductus arteriosus. The ventricular septal defect with aortic insufficiency was demonstrated by cardiac catheterization and cineangiocardiography.
Blood Pressure ; Cardiac Catheterization ; Cardiac Catheters ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Ductus Arteriosus, Patent ; Dyspnea ; Female ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Heart Murmurs ; Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular* ; Humans ; Physical Examination ; Prolapse

OBJECTIVES: Contemporary empirical studies have suggested high rates of comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) or obsessive compulsive disorder(OCD) in children with tic disorders. Not infrequently, ADHD or OCD is as source of greater impairment than are the tic symptoms. The studies in the pathophysiology of tic disorder have implicated abnormalities of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine. The studies in pathophysiology of ADHD or OCD also have implicated abnormalities of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine. This study was purposed to examine the differences in tic severities and in the levels of plasma homovanillic acid(HVA) and 5-hydroxyin-doleacetic acid(5-HIAA) according to the presence of comorbid ADHD or OCD in patients with chronic tic disorders. METHODS: In fifty chronic tic patients, OCD or ADHD was also diagnosed. And then tic symptoms, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and attention-deficit hyperactive symptoms were assessed using Yale global tic severity scale(YGTSS), Leyton obsessional inventory-child version(LOI-CV), and Conners parent rating scale. The plasma HVA and 5-HIAA levels were measured using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection method. RESULTS: Fifty-eight percent of the patients with chronic tic disorders had comorbid ADHD or OCD. But severities of tic did not differ regardless of the presence of comorbid ADHD or OCD. There was a significant positive correlation between tic severities and plasma HVA levels but none between tic severities and plasma 5-HIAA levels. There was a significant inverse correlation between resistance and interference scores and plasma 5-HIAA levels. Plasma HVA levels showed significant positive correlations with plasma 5-HIAA levels. CONCLUSION: These results showed that tic severities didn't vary according to the presence of comorbidities, and that tic severities were correlated with plasma HVA levels, not with plasma 5-HIAA levels. These results suggested that the pathophysiology of chronic tic disorder was strongly correlated with abnormalities of dopaminergic system.
Child ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Comorbidity* ; Dopamine ; Homovanillic Acid* ; Humans ; Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid ; Norepinephrine ; Obsessive Behavior ; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ; Parents ; Plasma* ; Serotonin ; Tic Disorders* ; Tics*

PURPOSE: Young age is controversial risk factor for filtration failure following trabeculectomy with adjunctive mitomycin C (MMC). This study aimed at investigating whether juvenile-onset primary open angle glaucoma (JPOAG) patients have worse long-term outcome than adult-onset primary open angle glaucom (APOAG) patients following primary trabeculectomy with adjunctive MMC. METHODS: Medical records of 162 eyes of 113 primary open angle glaucoma patients who had undergone primary trabeculectomy with MMC and minimum follow up of 12 months were retrospectively reviewed. All the patients were free of other known risk factors except young age for surgical failure following trabeculectomy. The patients were divided into two groups; juvenile group (68 eyes of 42 patients, 10~35 years of age) and adult group (51 eyes of 41 patients, age 50 years or older). Forty-three eyes of 30 patients, aged 36~49 years, were excluded from the analysis for the study purpose. Demographic, preoperative and postoperative data were collected for up to 96 months. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used for probability of cumulative success estimations according to success criterion (defined as postoperative intraocular pressure of 20 mmHg or less without glaucoma medications). RESULTS: Cumulative life-table success rates of juvenile group were 98.5% at 12 months, 84.6% at 48 months, and 71.2% at 96 months. Those of adult group were 98.0%, 77.0%, and 68.5% respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in overall filtration success rates between juvenile and adult groups (p=0.52). Using a Cox proportional hazard regression analysis of potential risk factors, young age was not found to significantly affect the surgical failure (p=0.97). CONCLUSIONS: Young age itself was not associated with the poor surgical outcome following primary trabeculectomy with adjunctive MMC in this study. The present results suggest that the success rate of the JPOAG compares favorably with that of the APOAG. Primary trabeculectomy with MMC in juvenile glaucoma without other concomitant risk factors may have a favorable long-term clinical outcome as adult glaucoma.
Adult ; Filtration ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glaucoma ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle* ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Medical Records ; Mitomycin* ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Trabeculectomy*

The congenital pulmonary artery branch stenosis (PABS) was described by Oppenheimer (1) as early as in 1938, but it had attracted very little attention until the last decade. This disease is characterized grossly by single or multiple stenosis of the pulmonary artery and branches and has been described in the literature occasionally under the various designations including supravalvular pulmonary stenosis, coarctation of pulmonary artery, multiple peripheral stenosis of the pulmonary artery and pulmonary artery branch stenosis (3~22). It is known that this defect is no longer a very rare disease and functional problem only. The clinical significance of this disease is to differentiate from other congenital heart diseases such as patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect and pulmonic stenosis and is a cause of pulmonary hypertension. Nine cases of PABS confirmed by pressure difference in pullback tracing, selective angiography and rate of rise of pulmonary artery pressure are presented. This defect occurred as an isolated cardiovascular anomaly in 3 of the 9 patients. This condition was detected usually in childhood due to exertional dyspnea, frequent upper respiratory infections and heart murmur. Clinically the most significant diagnostic feature was the wide distribution of ejection systolic or continuous murmur, which was seldom louder than grade 4/6. It is also characteristic that the upstroke of the pulmonary artery pressure tracing is similar to the right ventricular tracing with the descending limb of the curve steeper and the dicrotic notch deeper with a low diastolic plateau. This results in a wide pulse pressure. Data are presented which suggest that comparing the rate of rise prestenotic with poststenotic pressure pulse may differentiate organic from functional pressure gradient. The purpose of this paper is to present in detail the clinical features including electrocardioram, chest X-ray, cardiac catherization, angiography, rate of rise of pulmonary artery pressure and diagnostic criteria of PABS. Only two cases of PABS were repoted in Korean literature from our laboratory.
Child ; Male ; Female ; Humans