The human oral mucosa has noncornified lining epithelium, cornified masticatory epithelium, and complex epithelium. The epithelium of human tongue shows diverse morphological variations from one site to another, and conflicting reports exist in the literature concerning the type of lingual epithelium. Cytokeratin[CK] have been shown to characterize different type of epithelia. In the present study to clarify intermediate filament patterns of tongue mucosa and lingual gland in human fetus from second trimester of pregnancy and adult, cytokeratin expression was investigated immunohistochemically using antibodies for cytokeratins in the dorsal surface of tongue, taste bud, and lingual gland, and comparison with the expression between fetus and adult was made. The epithelium of the fetal lingual papillae consisted of 4 to 6 layered stratified cells, and that of the inferior surface of tongue consisted of 6-8 layered stratified cells in PAS-hematoxylin stain. The lingual gland was well differentiated and the alveolus was strongly positive to PAS reaction. The dorsal surface of the adult tongue was composed of lingual papillae. The papillae was covered by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and interpapillary area by nokeratinized epithelium in hematoxylin-eosin stain. The taste bud was present in the fungiform papilla. The lingual gland appeared among the muscle layers near the inferior surtace and was composed of mucous and serous cells. By immunohistochemical stain, the epithelium of the lingual papillae exhibited various staining-intensities for cytokeratin antibodies, and showed same staining patterns bosh epithelium in tip of papilla and interpapillary area in fetus. However, the dorsal epithelium of the adult tongue showed different staining patterns between tip of the papilla and interpapillary area. In fetal lingual papilla CK7 and CK8 were expressed in superficial cells, AE8 in intermediate and superficial cells, CKl4 in basal cells. MNFI116 and AE3 showed a strong reaction in basal and suprabasal cells. The epithelium of the inferior lingual surface reacted positively with AE8 and CK14, MNF116, and AE3. CK7 and CK8, however, were not reacted. In adult lingual papilla CK10 was expressed in superficial cells of the tip of the papilla, AE8 in suprabasal cells of interpapillary epithelium, CKl4 in basal cells of papillary and interpapillary epithelium, CKl9 in superficial cells of interpapillary epithelium, MNFI116 and AE3 in suprabasal cells of papillary and interpapillary epithelium. However, CK7, CK8, CK18, and 5D3 were not expressed in the epithelium of the dorsal tongue. The cells of taste bud in fetus showed positive reactions for CK7, CK8, MNF116, and AE3, but negative reactions with CK10 and AE8. The cells of taste bud in adult were stained with CK7, CK8, CK18, and MNF116, but not stained with CK10 and AE8. In lingual gland of fetus, CK7, CK8, CKl8, 5D3, MNF116, and AE3 were expressed in alveolar cells. Only CK10 gave a negative staining in ductal cells. The mucous cells of the adult lingual gland were reacted with CK7, CK10, CK18, CK19, and MNF116, and the serous cell with CK7, CK19, and MNF116. The ductal cells of the adult lingual gland were stained with CK7, AE8, CK18, CKl9, 5D3, MNF116, and AE3. CK14 was expressed in the cells of intralubular ductule, not in the ductal cells. By electron microscopy, the epithelia of both dorsal and inferior lingual surfaces in fetus consisted of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. A cell with clear cytoplasm and some dense granules was noted among the basal cells. These results indicate that the epithelium of fetal lingual papillae is non-keratinized type and the epithelium of the papillary tip is keratinized type and interpapillary epithelium is nonkeratinized type in adult, and suggest that the superficial cell containing cytokeratins 7 and 8 in dorsal lingual epithelium of fetus has a similar role to the periderm of fatal skin.
Adult ; Antibodies ; Cytoplasm ; Epithelium* ; Female ; Fetus* ; Humans* ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intermediate Filaments ; Keratins ; Microscopy, Electron ; Mouth Mucosa ; Mucous Membrane ; Negative Staining ; Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Trimester, Second ; Skin ; Taste Buds ; Tongue

No abstract available.
Angiotensin II* ; Angiotensins* ; Animals ; Endocrine System* ; Rats*

To verify the accuracy and reproducibility of corneal thickness measurements obtained with Orbscan (Orbtek, Inc., Salt Lake City, USA), the measurements were compared with those taken with an ultrasound pachymeter (Omega Compuscan, Storz). Central corneal thickness was measured by each method in 100 eyes of 50healthy subjects. The averages by the two methods were compared. One examiner took the measurements twice by each method in 20 eyes of 10 subjects, and intraexaminer reproducibility was evaluated. Two examiners measured the thickness in 20 eyes of 10 subjects and interexaminer reproducibility was assessed. The average corneal thickness was 550.27+/-3.56 micrometer in the Orbscan measurements and 526.62+/-3.70 micrometer in the ultrasound pachymetry: There was a statistically significant difference between the two methods. Significant difference was noticed but this showed a constant corresponding correlation with the Orbscan showing a 4.4%lower average. The intraexaminer and interexaminer reproducibility showed high reliability(Guttman split-half point<0.99). The Orbscan pachymetry is a highly reliable method and may be widely used in clinical practice.
Corneal Pachymetry* ; Lakes ; Ultrasonics* ; Ultrasonography

No abstract available.
Emergencies* ; Humans ; Prospective Studies*

To identify the developmental characteristics of intermediate filaments, the expressions of various cytokeratines (CK), desmin and vimentin in fetal (14032 weeks of gestations) and adult epidermis were studied immunohistochemically. The primary antibodies used were CK7, 8, 10, 14, 18, AE8, 5D3, and MNFl16 for cytokeratins, D33 for desmin, and V9 for vimentin. At 14 weeks of gestation, the epidermis consisted of basal cells and periderm. The periderm exhibited positive staining for CK8 and AE8, and weak staining for MNF116 and D33. The basal cells showed positive staining for MNF116 and D33. The epidermis did not reacted for CK7, 10, 14, 18, 5D3, and V9 at this period. At 16-20 weeks of gestation, the epidermis was composed of basal, intermediate, and periderm layers. The periderm was positive for CK8, 18, AE8, MNF116, and D33. The intermediate cells were positive for CK10 and the basal cells CK14, MNF116, and D33. Few cells were stained positively with V9 among the basal cells. At 24-32 weeks of gestation, the epidermis exhibited no longer positive reactions for CK8, 18, AE8 and D33. The intermediate cells were positive for CK10. Immunoreactivity for MNF116 was noted in intermediate layer just above the basal layer. CKl4, MNFl16, D33, and often V9 were expressed in basal cells. The expressions of CK7 and 5D3 were not observed at any period of gestation. In adult epidermis, basal cells exhibited positive staining for CKl4, MNFl16, and D33. The intermediate cells were strongly positive for CK10, and weakly positive for CK7, 8, and MNFl16. The cells positive for V9 were often present among the basal cells. These results indicate that CK8 and 18 may serve as useful markers for periderm, CK10 for intermediate cells, CKl4 for basal cell, and suggest that the vimentin immunoreactive cells in basal cell layer are Langerhans cells.
Adult ; Antibodies ; Desmin ; Epidermis* ; Fetus* ; Humans* ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intermediate Filaments ; Keratins* ; Langerhans Cells ; Pregnancy ; Vimentin

BACKGROUND: Acromioclavicular (AC) stability is maintained through a complex combination of soft-tissue restraints that include coracoclavicular (CC), AC ligament and overlying muscles. Among these structures, the role of the CC ligament has continued to be studied because of its importance on shoulder kinematics, especially after AC injury. This study was designed to determine the geometric change of conoid and trapezoid ligaments and resulting stresses on these ligaments according to various scapular motions. METHODS: The scapuloclavicular (SC) complex was isolated from a fresh-frozen cadaver by removing all soft tissues except the AC and CC ligaments. The anatomically aligned SC complex was then scanned with a high-resolution computed tomography scanner into 0.6-mm slices. The Finite element model of the SC complex was obtained and used for calculating the stress on different parts of the CC ligaments with simulated movements of the scapula. RESULTS: Average stress on the conoid ligament during anterior tilt, internal rotation, and scapular protraction was higher, whereas the stress on the trapezoid ligament was more prominent during posterior tilt, external rotation, and retraction. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that CC ligament plays an integral role in regulating horizontal SC motion as well as complex motions indicated by increased stress over the ligament with an incremental scapular position change. The conoid ligament is the key structure restraining scapular protraction that might occur in high-grade AC dislocation. Hence in CC ligament reconstructions involving only single bundle, every attempt must be made to reconstruct conoid part of CC ligament as anatomically as possible.
Biomechanical Phenomena ; Cadaver* ; Dislocations ; Ligaments* ; Muscles ; Scapula ; Shoulder

PURPOSE: To evaluate CT findings of internal hernia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three patients with internal hernia had abdominal CT scans and two of them had small bowel follow through examinations. The CT features of two patients with retroanastomotic and one patient with left paraduodenal hernia were evaluated and correlated with small bowel follow through examinations, and surgical findings. Two patients with retroanastomotic hernia had a history of subtotal gastrectomy with antecolic gastrojejunostomy. The diagnosis of internal hernia was made on the basis of surgical find ings in two patients of retroanastomotic hernia, and characteristic barium study findings in one patient of left paraduodenal hernia. RESULTS: The small bowel follow through examination showed small bowel loops gathered in a circumscribed mass in the left mid abdomen, and delay in passage through these loops. In case of left paraduodenal hernia, abrupt narrowing of the distal duodenum could be identified. The characteristic CT findings of all three patients were whorling of the mesentery and mesenteric vessels in the left mid-abdomen. In the patient with left paraduodenal hernia, after resolution of the gastrointestinal symptoms, a follow-up CT scan showed spontaneous disappearance of whorling of the mesentery and mesenteric vessels suggesting spontaneous resolution of the hernia. In the other two cases, upon exploration of the abdomen, dilatation of afferent duodenum caused by adhesion between ligament of Treitz and adjacent bowel walls, and retro- anastomotic herniation of the efferent loops were found. CONCLUSION: The usual diagnosis of internal hernia is based on the appearance of the small bowel follow through examination. However, we consider that the whorling appearance(we call it whorling sign) of the mesentery and mesenteric vessels on CT scan is also suggestive of internal hernia in patients under clinical suspicion.
Abdomen ; Barium ; Diagnosis ; Dilatation ; Duodenum ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gastrectomy ; Gastric Bypass ; Hernia ; Humans ; Ligaments ; Mesentery* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Columnar epithelium-lined esophagus or intestinal metaplasia of the stomach are acquired disorder associated with some pathologic conditions such as reflux esophagitis and gastric carcinoma. The aims of this study were to investigate the characteristics of the metaplastic epithelium in 12 resected specimens of esophago-gastric junction (EGJ) from the patients of gastric carcinoma by histochemistry, immunohistoche-mistry, and electron microscopy. By hematoxylin-eosin staining, metaplasia was found in all 12 cases examined, among them 10 specimens were intestinal metaplasia of the gastric epithelium, 2 cases columnar epithelium-lined esophagus. Intestinal metaplasia was villiform and consisted of columnar cells and mucous (goblet) cells, and showed variations in the pattern of arrangement: metaplasia occurred in EGJ region, occurred in the gastric epithelium apart some distance from EGJ, intermingled with gastric epithelium. The mucous cells of the intestinal metaplasia were stained with both PAS and alcian blue. The gastric epithelium, however, was only stained with PAS. The columnar epithelium-lined esophagus was stained with PAS but not stained with alcian blue. This simple epithelium was positive for 5D3. Interestingly in 2 cases, stratified squamous epithelium was interposed between gastric epithelium. This epithelium was positive for AE8 and was distinguished from gastric epithelium which were positive for 5D3. The columnar cells of the intestinal metaplasia showed regular microvilli, many apical mitochondria, and well developed supranuclear Golgi complex which were characteristic features of typical absorptive cells. The mucous cells were oval in shape and contained numerous mucous droplets in the apical cytoplasm. Intestinal gland consisted of undifferentiated cells and mucous cells, and did not have Paneth cell. Gastric gland consisted of mucous cells of similar fine structural features to those of gastric epithelial cell. Chief cell and parietal cell were not present in the glandular epithelium. These results indicate that most of the metaplasia occurs in the gastic cardiac portion rather than esophageal portion in EGJ, and suggest that the histologic type of metaplsia of gastric epithelium is complete, and that of esophageal epithelium is junctional.
Adult* ; Alcian Blue ; Cytoplasm ; Epithelial Cells ; Epithelium* ; Esophagitis, Peptic ; Esophagus ; Gastric Mucosa ; Golgi Apparatus ; Humans* ; Intestinal Mucosa ; Metaplasia* ; Microscopy, Electron ; Microvilli ; Mitochondria ; Rabeprazole ; Stomach

A comparative stydy was undertaken to investigate the collapse of maxillary dental arch and palate in unilateral cleft lip and palate indivduals. The material for this study consisted of 39 subjects with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate (30 males, 9 females). The measurements of unilateral cleft lip and palate individuals were compared with the measurements of normal indiviuals (30 males, 30 females). All the subjects were in the mixed dentition stage and the mean age was almost the same. The following conclusions were obtained. 1. A large number of the maxillary dental arch of the unilateral cleft lip and palate individuals showed omega-shape, and the arch sighificant difference between cleft group and group, but the intercanine width was mcuh smaller than that of normal individuals. 2. The palate of the unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects showed shorter and shallower form than that of normal subjects. 3. The palate area of the unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects was smaller than that of normal subjects, and the cleft side area was much smaller than the opposing side area. 4. There was no significant sexual difference in measurements of maxillary dental arch and palate of the unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects.
Cleft Lip* ; Dental Arch* ; Dentition, Mixed ; Humans ; Male ; Palate*

No abstract available.
Sympathectomy