No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans ; Infant*

The computed tomography (CT) number is closely related to hematocrit level according to many of the previous reports. We measured the CT number in various organs, such as the frontal white matter, basal ganglia, occipital white matter, cerebrospinal fluid, liver, abdominal aorta, spleen, kidney, and psoas muscle. We correlated the CT numbers of the organs with hematocrit levels which were graded into 10% increments (20.0-29.9%, 30.0-39.9%, 40.0-49.9%). Thus the change of CT numbers in various organs according to the hematocrit level was analyzed. The increased CT numbers according to the 10% increment of hematocrit in the frontal white matter, basal ganglia, occipital white matter, liver, abdominal aorta, spleen, and psoas muscle were 1.3, 1.5, 1.6, 3.3, 5.3, 3.8, 2.4 respectively. Even though the CT numbers of the cerebrospinal fluid and kidney were not influenced by hematocrit level the CT numbers in most of the there organs postitively correlated with hematocrit level. Therefore, it was concluded that in the differential diagnosis using CT numbers, the hematocrit level of patient must be taken into consideration.
Aorta, Abdominal ; Basal Ganglia ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Hematocrit* ; Humans ; Kidney ; Liver ; Psoas Muscles ; Spleen ; White Matter

BACKGROUND:We have often observed arm withdrawal on administering rocuronium. This study was performed to determine the cause and to prevent this movement by mixing rocuronium with lidocaine or sodium bicarbonate. METHODS: Sixty-two patients, ASA I-II, were randomized into three groups for this blind, prospective study. After induction of anesthesia by thiopental sodium 0.5 mg/kg, each group received rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg alone (group R), with 2% (2 ml) lidocaine (group L), or rocuronium with an equivalent volume of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate (group S). Patients' responses to the injection were graded using a 4-point scale and the pHs of the mixtures were measured. RESULTS: The incidence rate of arm withdrawal was more reduced in groups L (47%) and S (45%) than in group R (80%) (P < 0.05). Severe withdrawal movement (grade 3) did not occur in group S (0%). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and the degree of withdrawal movement in response to the injection of rocuronium were significantly reduced by mixing an equivalent volume of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate with rocuronium.
Anesthesia ; Arm ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Incidence ; Lidocaine* ; Prospective Studies ; Sodium Bicarbonate* ; Sodium* ; Thiopental

No abstract available.
Bacteroides fragilis* ; Bacteroides*

OBJECTIVES: The diagnosis of depression is based on a highly variable set of symptoms. Therefore, depression should not be viewed as a single disease, but a heterogenous syndrome comprised of different pathophysiologies. There are several subtypes of depression which were already incorporated in DSM-IV. This article provides a systematic review of pharmacological treatments of two recognized subtypes of depression-dysthymic disorder and atypical depression. METHODS: Systematic search of relevant literatures on dysthymic disorder and atypical depression was performed by proposed search strategy of the Clinical Research Center for Depression of Korean Health 21 R&D Project. All identified literatures were carefully reviewed and classified according to SIGN grading system and summarized in a narrative manner. RESULT: For the treatment of dysthymic disorder and atypical depression, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs) and moclobemide have more evidence than the other antidepressants. SSRIs and moclobemide showed superior tolerability than tricyclic antidepressants. CONCLUSION: The authors proposed treatment recommendations for dysthymic disorder and atypical depression by the methods of evidence-based medicine(EBM). However, guideline developing methods of EBM also have several inevitable limitations. Therefore, in the absence of clear and significant differences in efficacy, the choice of medication must be individualized for a particular patient based on psychiatrist's own clinical decision.
Antidepressive Agents ; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic ; Depression* ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Dysthymic Disorder* ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Humans ; Moclobemide ; Serotonin

Tardive dystonia is an uncommon late side-effect of neuroleptic drug treatment and a difficult condition to treat. We report a single case of tardive dystonia that has successfully responded to clozapine. This patient has undergone more than thirteen years of antipsychotic treatment and developed severe and persistent tardive dystonia. Treatment with benzodiazepine, anticholinergics and muscle relaxant were ineffective in this patient. Thus, clozapine was tried. Treatment with clozapine brought about marked improvement and this remission has been sustained. We reviewed the literatures about successful treatment of tardive dystonia with clozapine. Finally, we recommend a trial of clozapine in adequate doses and for adequate duration on patients with drug-induced tardive dystonia.
Benzodiazepines ; Cholinergic Antagonists ; Clozapine* ; Humans ; Movement Disorders* ; Schizophrenia*

Insulinoma is a functional endocrine tumor arising from the beta cells of islets of Langerhans of pancreas. The only effective treatment of insulinoma was surgical removal of the tumor. Recently, laparoscopic surgery for islet cell tumors of the pancreas is introduced. Laparoscopic enucleation or resection of benign islet tumors results in a shorter hospital recovery and is a good alternative to open surgery We report a case of insulinoma that was treated sucessfully by laparoscopic enucleation.
Adenoma, Islet Cell ; Insulinoma* ; Islets of Langerhans ; Laparoscopy ; Pancreas

Herpes zoster is acute viral infection characterized by the appearance of vesicles that occur on the skin and mucous membrane along the pathway of an involved sensory nerve. The incidence is increased in those who have history of trauma, malignant tumor, radiation therapy and the immuno-suppressive drug users. Although herpes zoster is usually as benign viral infection, complications may occur especially when cranial nerves are involved. So careful treatment is necessary when cranial nerves are involved. We have treated two cases. One is involved trigeminal nerve mandibular branch, another maxillary branch. We have used conservative therapy, pain control, acyclovir on this area and obtained good result. After 17 and 8 months respectively, no complications occur in our two cases. So we present two cases with review of literature.
Acyclovir ; Cranial Nerves ; Drug Users ; Herpes Zoster* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Mucous Membrane ; Skin ; Trigeminal Nerve

Actinomyces ; Actinomycosis ; Actinomycosis, Cervicofacial ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacteria ; Calculi ; Dental Caries ; Dental Plaque ; Humans ; Male ; Molar, Third ; Mucous Membrane ; Root Canal Therapy ; Tooth Fractures ; Young Adult