This descriptive study was conducted to investigate the factors related to adolescent's smoking and to find out relationship between their self reported cigarette smoking and urine cotinine level. The subjects for this study were 68 adolescents attending in a technical high school located in Seoul. The data was collected from April 1 to June 13, 1996 using a questionnaire and their urine was collected simultaneously for the cotinine analysis. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, GLM, Pearson Correlation using SAS program. The results of the study can be summarized as follows: 1. Those subject who spend more than 2 hours each day with smoking friends, who spends more than 30,000 won from their parent's stipends each month, two recognize their smoking behavior can be accepted by their parents, who drink alcohol, smokes significantly mor than those subjects who spend less than 2 hours each day with smoking friends, have less than 30,000 won from their parent's stipends each month, recognizes their parents will be very upset for their smoking behavior, who do not drink alcohol( self report: 94, p=.004; t=3.875, p=.003; t=4.46, p=.003; t=4.08, p=.006, urine cotinine; t=2.678, p=.009; t=33.229, p=.002; t=2.84, p=.005; t=3.29, p=.003). 2. There were positive correlation between their self report of cigarette smoking and urine cotinine level in all groups regardless of ; having religion, level of satisfaction to school, length of time spent with smoking friends, amount of stipend each month, parent's response to their smoking behavior, drinking habits. However there was no relationship between their self report of cigarette smoking and urine cotinine level in a group who smoke more than 11 cigarettes each day. The findings of this study reveals that adolescents can provide fairly honest self reports of their cigarette smoking if trusting relationships can be established between the researcher and the subjects.
Adolescent ; Cotinine* ; Drinking Behavior ; Friends ; Humans ; Parents ; Self Report* ; Seoul ; Smoke ; Smoking* ; Tobacco Products* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The purpose of this study was to find out the relationships between parental attitudes about smoking and parental smoking behavior as factors associated with adolescent's smoking behavior. Data were collected from Nov 20, 1997 to Feb 30, 1998 from 295 male high school students located in the Kyung Gi Do Province. Specific questions for adolescents concerning their parent's attitudes about their smoking, parental smoking behavior and the youth smoking behavior were included. Data were analyzed using a SPSS/PC program for the descriptive and chi-square statistics. Results indicated that parental attitudes are significantly associated with adolescents' smoking, both in behavior and amount smoked. Whereas parental behavior showed difference in means of adolescent's smoking behavior and smoking amount. In conclusion, parental attitudes toward adolescent smoking have a significantly greater effect on both the behavior and on the amount smoked than does parental antismoking educational efforts may find it helpful to include this factor.
Adolescent* ; Humans ; Male ; Parents* ; Smoke* ; Smoking*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the contents and trend of smoking and smoking cessation related nursing research in Korea and to suggest the directions for future research. METHOD: Eight nursing professional Journals published by the Korean Academic Nursing Society and by 7 - adult, community, psychiatric, fundamental, obstetrics, pediatrics, administrative- nursing societies from beginning edition to October 2005 were selected. They were examined for the proportion of published research, participants, research designs, key words, measurement tools, and the intervention outcomes in the case of the experimental research. RESULT: Of the research analyzed, 87 studies were smoking and smoking cessation related research. The Journals, which had published the most number of smoking and smoking cessation research were J of Korean Academic Society, J of Korean Adult Nursing Society, J of Korean Community Nursing Society. The most popular research design was an descriptive design. The major concepts studied were related psychosocial variables. Among 87 studies, only 11 were experimental research. CONCLUSION: Research on smoking and smoking cessation in the nursing discipline are increasing. However more research to test the effectiveness of nursing intervention programs are needed.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Bibliometrics ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nursing Research/organization & administration/*statistics & numerical data/trends ; Periodicals as Topic ; Smoking/*prevention & control ; *Smoking Cessation

Actinomycosis is an indolent, suppurative infection caused by an anaerobic gram-positive organism (usually actinomyces israelii) which usually causes infection in the face, mediastitum, lung, and abdomen. Primary esophageal actinomycosis which is not related with pulmonary or mediastinal actinomycosis, is very rare, especially in immunocompetent host. A 58-year-old woman has been suffered from dysphagia, odynophagia, and chest pain after insertion of esophageal stent in esophageal acid stricture. She underwent a esophagectomy with esophagogastrostomy for above mentioned symptoms. Pathologic diagnosis was a esophageal actinomycosis.
Abdomen ; Actinomyces ; Actinomycosis* ; Chest Pain ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Deglutition Disorders ; Diagnosis ; Esophagectomy ; Female ; Humans ; Lung ; Middle Aged ; Stents*

The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of a self efficacy scale which was revised for Korean adolescents. The self efficacy scale was based on 48 smoking situations, developed by Best and Hakstian (1978), and was revised according to situations which tempt Korean adolescents to smoke. The 18 situations which were believed to have true characteristics of a temptation to smoke for Korean adolescents. The psychometric evaluation was done on 281 high school adolescents. The result revealed a high internal consistency Alpha coefficient of .97, Principal Component Factor Analysis with a varimax rotation which resulted in 3 factors with more than 1.0 of eigen value. The three factors were 'negative feelings, interpersonal relationship', 'dependence ', and 'self image'. There was a significant positive correlation of r=.290 between this self efficacy scale and the scale of intention for smoking cessation, and a significant negative correlation of r=-.330 between number of cigarettes they smoked. The result indicated that the self efficacy scale measuring adolescents' degree of efficacy in a smoking tempted situation was reliable and valid. Further application of research in the various age and sex groups was recommended for a generalization of the scale.
Adolescent ; Generalization (Psychology) ; Humans ; Intention ; Psychometrics ; Reproducibility of Results* ; Self Efficacy* ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Smoking Cessation ; Tobacco Products

PURPOSE: This study was done to review and summarize trends in research related to image of nursing in Korea and to explore directions for future research. METHODS: Thirty-five studies published from 2003 to 2014 were reviewed, and the analysis was performed according to criteria adopted from Kim & Lee (2003). RESULTS: There was a three-fold increase in the number of studies compared to a prior analysis study. Of these studies 50% were carried out with nursing students and 71.4% were survey type research. Elementary school students, patients, and guardians had positive images of nursing compare to middle school students and health related personnel. Experience of hospital admission or patient visit did not influence the nursing image of participants. Satisfaction with nursing as a career and clinical practicum were related to nursing image among nursing students and their satisfaction, and their nursing professional value and self-esteem had a positive correlation with nursing image. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that recent trends of nursing research on nursing image indicate a need for further research to eliminate negative stereotypes and build a more professional image for nursing are recommended.
Humans ; Korea* ; Nursing Research ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors influencing nursing needs of mothers caring for children suffering from acute diseases and being treated in hospital. METHOD: The data were collected, using a nursing needs, social support, burden, and stress questionnaire. Data collection was done from July 10, to October 20, 2001 in the pediatric department of a general hospital. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. RESULT: The results of this study are as follows. There were statistically significant differences in nursing needs according to differences in age, education level, marital status, religion, family income and relationship with spouse. The relationship between the nursing needs of the mother and anxiety (r=.758, p <.01), social support (r=-.659, p <.01), stress (r=.324, p <.01) were the most significant variables. The stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that anxiety, social support and stress define nursing needs at 57.5%, 4.3% and 1.1% respectively. CONCLUSION: Consideration needs to be given to anxiety, social support and stress when developing nursing intervention programs for mothers whose children are hospitalized with acute diseases.
Acute Disease ; Anxiety ; Child ; Child, Hospitalized* ; Data Collection ; Education ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Marital Status ; Mothers* ; Nursing* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Spouses

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare differences on sexual satisfaction between non-smokers and smokers of Korean adult males. METHOD: The subjects of this study were 304 current smokers and 331 current non-smokers(stop smokers, never smokers) (58.0%). Because of the nature of the study, the participants were recruited through a home page advertisement of a brand newspaper company in Korea, and the survey was done through Internet system. The tool to measure participant's sexual satisfaction was adopted from the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale-Male. RESULT: Participant's age ranged from 20 to 49, mostly in their 30s-40s(96.1%). They were smoking average of 15 cigarettes per day. There were no significant difference on sexual satisfaction between current smokers and non- smokers(t=-.55, p>.05). However, there were significant difference on sexual satisfaction between ever smokers(n=481) and never smokers(n=154) (t=2.10, p<.05). There were significant differences an erectile and orgasm satisfaction according to number of cigarettes they smoked per day. 54.5% smokers who said that they have difficulty in keeping erectile state considered on smoking cessation within 30 days whereas 24.2% in those who said that keeping erectile state was easy. CONCLUSION: Informing about the high risk of sexual dysfunction with cigarette smoking should become a important part of smoking cessation education and for smoking adolescents.
Adolescent ; Adult* ; Arizona ; Education ; Humans ; Internet ; Korea ; Male* ; Newspapers ; Orgasm ; Periodicals ; Smoke* ; Smoking Cessation ; Smoking* ; Tobacco Products

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the subjectivity of smoking cessation methods of smokers. METHOD: The Q. methodology which provides a method of analyzing the individual's subjectivity was used. The 34 subjects classified 38 selected Q-statements into a 9 point scale to make a normal distribution. The collected data was analyzed using a QUANL PC program. RESULTS: Three types of smoking cessation among smokers were identified. Type I, Family Centered; Type II, Suppressing Temptation; Type III, Self Overcoming. CONCLUSION: This study results revealed that different approaches of support programs are needed to address the three types of smoking cessation and their characteristics
Adult* ; Humans ; Smoke* ; Smoking Cessation* ; Smoking*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the subjectivity of smoking cessation methods of smokers. METHOD: The Q. methodology which provides a method of analyzing the individual's subjectivity was used. The 34 subjects classified 38 selected Q-statements into a 9 point scale to make a normal distribution. The collected data was analyzed using a QUANL PC program. RESULTS: Three types of smoking cessation among smokers were identified. Type I, Family Centered; Type II, Suppressing Temptation; Type III, Self Overcoming. CONCLUSION: This study results revealed that different approaches of support programs are needed to address the three types of smoking cessation and their characteristics
Adult* ; Humans ; Smoke* ; Smoking Cessation* ; Smoking*