The concept of comfort has been regarded as a core concept of nursing and it has been frequently used as one of main goals of nursing care. Promoting comfort has been a very important objective in clinical nursing practice. There have been some ambiguities in defining the concept of 'comfort" among nursing scholars. Therefore it was necessary to analyse the concept of comfort for clearer definition to be able to share among scholars. This study is an attempt to analyse concept of comfort and to do it according to a series of concept development processes described by Walker and Avant. Based on the results of the study, the attributes of scope, precedence and consequence of comfort were identified : 1. Attributes 1) stability 2) directionality 3) equilibrium 4) firmness 2. Scope 1) physical 2) social 3) emotional 4) spiritua~ 3. Precedence and Consequence 1) precedence (1) instability (2) unsatisfied needs 2) consequence (1) physical & psychological relaxation (2) enhancement of self-worth (3) enhancement of self-efficacy (4) satisfied needs.
Nursing ; Nursing Care ; Relaxation

The objective of this study is to establish the genotyping methods of new HLA gene, TAP1 and TAP2, and determine the genetic polymorphisms for database study in Koreans before using in clinical laboratory. Polymerase chain reaction- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and PCR-Sequence Specific Primers (PCR-SSP) techniques were used for TAP1 and TAP2 genotying, respectively. Restriction enzymes, Bcll and Accl, and 4 oligonucleotide primers were used for the PCR-RFLP analysis of TAP1. Whereas for PCR-SSP assay of TAP2, 12 oligonucleotide primers were synthesized. The results of control cells were correlated well with the types which were analyzed at Xlth histocompatibility international workshop. Arnong three and six different alleles of TAP1 and TAP2 found in 200 unrelated Korean individuals, TAP1A (84%) was the most frequent allele. TAP1B and TAP1C were 15.5% and 0.5% respectively. TAP2A represented more than a half (55.1%). TAP2B and TAP2C were 32.2% and 9.2% respectively. TAP1D, TAP2F and TAP2G were not found in Koreans.
Alleles ; DNA Primers ; Education ; Histocompatibility ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic* ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length

PURPOSE: This study focused on in vitro cell differentiation and surface characteristics in a magnesium coated titanium surface implanted on using a plasma ion source. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 40 commercially made pure titanium discs were prepared to produce Ti oxide machined surface (M) and Mg-incorporated Ti oxide machined surface (MM). Surface properties were analyzed using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). On each surface, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, alizarin red S staining for mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells, and quantitative analysis of osteoblastic gene expression, were evaluated. Actin ring formation assay and gene expression analysis of TRAP and GAPDH performing RT-PCR were performed to characterize osteoclast differentiation on mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs). RESULTS: MM showed similar surface morphology and surface roughness with M, but was slightly smoother after ion implantation at the micron scale. M was more hydrophobic than MM. No significant difference between surfaces on ALP activity at 7 and 14 days were observed. Real-time PCR analyses showed similar levels of mRNA expression of the osteoblast phenotype genes; osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OCN), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and collagen 1 (Col 1) in cell grown on MM at 7, 14 and 21 days. Alizarin red S staining at 21 days showed no significant difference. BMMs differentiation increased in M and MM. Actin ring formation assay and gene expression analysis of TRAP showed osteoclast differentiation to be more active on MM. CONCLUSION: Both M and MM have a good effect on osteoblastic cell differentiation, but MM may speed the bone remodeling process by activating on osteoclast differentiation.
Actins ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; Animals ; Bone Remodeling ; Cell Differentiation ; Collagen ; Gene Expression ; Integrin-Binding Sialoprotein ; Macrophages ; Magnesium* ; Mice ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Osteoblasts* ; Osteocalcin ; Osteoclasts* ; Osteopontin ; Phenotype ; Plasma ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger ; Surface Properties ; Titanium*

We report herein a case of bowenoid papulosis, which developed on the groin, the shaft of the penis and left parietal area, of scalp in a 31-year-old male. Clinical features present as brown to brown-black papules and verrucous plaques ranging from 2 cm to 12 cm in diameter. Electron microscopic examination of the specimen obtained from our patient fail to reveal viral particles.
Adult ; Genitalia* ; Groin ; Humans ; Male ; Penis ; Rabeprazole ; Scalp ; Virion

Heterotopic panereas is pancreactie tissue occuring outside its normal anatomical location and without any connection and normal pancreas and it is a developmental anormaly. The most commen site is stomach(esp. greater curvature of the antrum), duodenum and jejunum, In majority of cases heterotopic pancreas does not produce symptoms. When it produces complications, the symptoms depend on the site of lesion and the size of mass. Pathologically, the heterotopic pancreatic tissue is subject to all the lesions found in the normally placed pancreas. Tbe smooth broad base intramural defect with central niche ie typical radiologic fiadings of heterotoPic pancreas. Gastrofiberscopy revealed a small round, submucosal projection with a central umblication. The lesions are frequently confused with polys, lymphoma, in.tramural neoplasm and gastric uleer. Accurate diagnosis may prevent needless surgical procedures. Three cases of heterotopic pancreas of stomach were reported and the pertinent literature were reviewed briefly.
Diagnosis ; Duodenum ; Jejunum ; Lymphoma ; Pancreas* ; Stomach*

The principal cause of avulsion fracture of anterior superior iliac spine is sudden powerful contraction of sartorius muscle in strenuous sporting activities. The condition usually occurs in young people in whom the apophysis has still not firmly united to the ilium. We presented the three cases of avulsion fracture of anterior superior iliac spine which occurred during sprinting in Physical Fitness Test.
Ilium ; Physical Fitness ; Spine ; Sports

Thrombosis of one or both renal veins occurs in a variety of settings such as trauma, dehydration, extrinsic compression, nephrotic syndrome, pregnancy, oral contraceptives or invasion by tumor. Nephrotic syndrome and certain carcinomas seem to predispose to the development of renal vein thrombosis. The most common carcinoma which is associated with renal vein thrombosis is the renal cell carcinoma. But, renal vein thrombosis associated with tumor other than renal cell carcinoma is extremely rare. Our patient was diagnosed as lung and uterine cervical cancer by histologic examination. The patient complained of left flank pain. Abdominal CT scan shows the dilated left renal vein filled with hypodense material and parenchymal infarction on the left kidney. Renal arteriography shows cut-off sign on a branch of the left renal artery. Inferior venacavography revealed contrast-filling defect in the left renal vein. To our knowledge, renal vein thrombosis with lung and uterine cervical carcinoma is the first report in English literature. So, we have presented a rare case of a renal vein thrombosis in a patient with lung and uterine cervical cancer.
Angiography ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell ; Contraceptives, Oral ; Dehydration ; Flank Pain ; Humans ; Infarction ; Kidney ; Lung Neoplasms ; Lung* ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; Pregnancy ; Renal Artery ; Renal Veins* ; Thrombosis* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*

To identify osteoporosis and examine the relationship between health behavior and the self-efficacy of middle-aged women, a descriptive survey was conducted. The subjects were 465 healthy female residents of Kyunggido, Korea, who underwent ultrasound measurement and a health examination at the Kangmeung-Ci Health Center between July and August 2000. They were 40 to 60 years old, with a mean age of 46.7 years. The subjects completed a self- reported questionnaire that consisted of seven items concerning health behavior and twelve items concerning self-efficacy related to osteoporosis. Bone density was evaluated from ultrasound measurements of the right heel. All the data were analyzed using the program SAS-PC. The study found that the mean T score related to bone density was -1.30, and ranged from -3.52 to 3.06. Based on the T score, 74.8% of the subjects were normal, 12.9% had osteopenia, and 12.3% had osteoporosis. The mean osteoporosis self-efficacy score was 41.17 and ranged from 12 to 60. Osteoporosis self-efficacy differed significantly with health behavior related to health supplementary food (t=5.63, p=.018), exercise (t=6.65, p=.010), alcohol drinking(t=10.80, p=.001), and smoking (t=10.23, p=.001). A community-based health promotion program should be developed to prevent osteoporosis in middle-aged women.
Bone Density* ; Bone Diseases, Metabolic ; Female ; Gyeonggi-do ; Health Behavior ; Health Promotion ; Heel ; Humans ; Korea ; Middle Aged ; Osteoporosis ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Ultrasonography

No abstract available.
Blepharophimosis* ; Humans

Improving validity and reliability is the important components of clinical laboratory tests. And the quality control of the test should be started with the accurate collection of specimen. Urinalysis is one of the useful and common tests in diseases diagnosis and determining the process of medical treatment. Since urinalysis is requested routinely in hospital setting, the importance of the quality control for urine specimen is often ignored. To improve the validity of urinalysis, a clinical trial was done on the method of collection urine specimen. The result was as follows : 1. The rate of presumtive UTI(urinary tract infection) was decreased in 21.6% with experiment method for collecting urine specimen. 2. The rate of presumtive UTI in female patients was decreased in 43.2% with the experiment method. 3. The rate of negative urine culture was decreased in 6.6% with the experiment method.
Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Quality Control ; Reproducibility of Results ; Urinalysis*