No abstract available.
Periodicals/*statistics & numerical data ; Nursing Research/*statistics & numerical data ; Korea ; *Bibliometrics

The concept of comfort has been regarded as a core concept of nursing and it has been frequently used as one of main goals of nursing care. Promoting comfort has been a very important objective in clinical nursing practice. There have been some ambiguities in defining the concept of 'comfort" among nursing scholars. Therefore it was necessary to analyse the concept of comfort for clearer definition to be able to share among scholars. This study is an attempt to analyse concept of comfort and to do it according to a series of concept development processes described by Walker and Avant. Based on the results of the study, the attributes of scope, precedence and consequence of comfort were identified : 1. Attributes 1) stability 2) directionality 3) equilibrium 4) firmness 2. Scope 1) physical 2) social 3) emotional 4) spiritua~ 3. Precedence and Consequence 1) precedence (1) instability (2) unsatisfied needs 2) consequence (1) physical & psychological relaxation (2) enhancement of self-worth (3) enhancement of self-efficacy (4) satisfied needs.
Nursing ; Nursing Care ; Relaxation

BACKGROUND: In Seoul, Korea, 70% of all adult males are reported to be smokers, and guidelines to smoking cessation generally include ways to help smokers avoid situations of smoking temptation. However the phenomenon of smoking temptation has been scarcely studied. Therefore, it is critical to acquire a better understanding of smoking temptation for more effective nursing practice. AIM: This study intends to analyze the subjectivity of smoking temptation. DESIGN: Q-methodology, which applies a scientific method to subjectivity, was utilized. FINDINGS: Five distinct smoking temptation modalities, on Q-types, emerged from the Q-sort: 1) Urge to facilitate interpersonal relation; 2) Psychological desire for tranquility; 3) Habituation in social life; 4) Habituation in daily life; and, 5) Nicotine craving combined with daily routine. CONCLUSION: It is hoped that analysis of the five types of smoking temptation identified in this study will contribute to the body of knowledge and a better understanding of why smokers are addicted to smoking.

PURPOSE: Smoking temptation is communicated frequently among people related to smoking cessation and has specific meanings within the context of smoking. However, the concept of smoking temptation has not been well articulated in the literatures. This study was conducted to clarify and to conceptualize the phenomena of smoking temptation. METHOD: The Hybrid Model of concept development was applied to develop a concept of smoking temptation, which included a field study carried out in Seoul, South Korea using in-depth interviews with 5 adult smokers. RESULT: The concept of smoking temptation emerged as a complex phenomenon having meanings in several different dimensions which encompassed several attributes. In addition, the conceptual structure of smoking temptation centered around five dimensions: Response to conditioned stimuli, Distancing from harsh reality, Nicotine dependency, Habitual routine, and Lack of control. CONCLUSION: Smoking temptation is a concept that needs to be treated in a specified individual way and it is possible to enrich the meanings and methods to manage smoking temptation in nursing smoking cessation interventions that its application may have positive impacts on patients' well being.
Adult ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Smoking/*psychology ; Smoking Cessation/*psychology

PURPOSE: Smoking temptation is the central concept related to relapse within the context of smoking. Therefore for effective smoking cessation interventions, a scale to measure smoking temptation is necessary. This study was carried out to develop scale to measure smoking temptation. METHOD: This study utilized Cronbach's alpha, spilt-half coefficient and test-retest correlation in analyzing the reliability of the collected data and expert group, factor analysis, item analysis multitrait-multimethod method and known-group technique to analyze validity. RESULT: Twenty-five items were selected from a total of 33 items. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency was .93, spilt-half coefficient .91, and 2 week interval test-retest correlation .93 for the 25 items on the smoking temptation scale. Five factors evolved by factor analysis, which explained 57.28 % of the total variance. The smoking temptation scale was effective in differentiating the subjects at each stage of change for smoking cessation and there were significant negative correlations between smoking temptation and self efficacy for smoking cessation and significant positive correlations between smoking temptation and the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. CONCLUSION: The scale for measuring smoking temptation in Korean in this study was evaluated as a tool with a high degree of reliability and validity.
Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Motivation ; *Questionnaires ; Smoking/*psychology ; Smoking Cessation/*psychology

PURPOSE: Smoking temptation is the central concept related to relapse within the context of smoking. Therefore for effective smoking cessation interventions, a scale to measure smoking temptation is necessary. This study was carried out to develop scale to measure smoking temptation. METHOD: This study utilized Cronbach's alpha, spilt-half coefficient and test-retest correlation in analyzing the reliability of the collected data and expert group, factor analysis, item analysis multitrait-multimethod method and known-group technique to analyze validity. RESULT: Twenty-five items were selected from a total of 33 items. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency was .93, spilt-half coefficient .91, and 2 week interval test-retest correlation .93 for the 25 items on the smoking temptation scale. Five factors evolved by factor analysis, which explained 57.28 % of the total variance. The smoking temptation scale was effective in differentiating the subjects at each stage of change for smoking cessation and there were significant negative correlations between smoking temptation and self efficacy for smoking cessation and significant positive correlations between smoking temptation and the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. CONCLUSION: The scale for measuring smoking temptation in Korean in this study was evaluated as a tool with a high degree of reliability and validity.
Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Motivation ; *Questionnaires ; Smoking/*psychology ; Smoking Cessation/*psychology

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to develop a curriculum model for fundamentals of nursing at the graduate level which reflects a consensus of educators and the students in Korean nursing society. METHOD: A survey was used with three groups to identify consensus on a curriculum model for fundamentals of nursing at the graduate level; 42 educators in fundamentals of nursing, 11 nurse educators whose major was not fundamentals of nursing and 70 nurses with a bachelor degree in nursing. RESULTS: Consensus on a curriculum model at the graduate level were delineated from analysis of the survey. Based on these results, a curriculum model for fundamentals of nursing at the graduate level is outlined: As one major area of nursing, fundamentals of nursing focuses on nursing practice based on basic human needs. Thus main focus of the curriculum for fundamentals of nursing at the graduate level is research performance and theory development on nursing interventions to meet basic human needs in clinical settings. CONCLUSIONS: A curriculum model for fundamentals of nursing at the graduate level suggests that its application may have a positive impact on development of distinct knowledge body for fundamentals of nursing that will differentiate the content of education for undergraduate and graduate levels of nursing. However, the suggestion for the curriculum model needs to be refined and developed for application.
Consensus ; Curriculum* ; Education ; Education, Graduate ; Humans ; Nursing* ; Societies, Nursing

This study was performed to investigate the characteristic of physical touch in caring situation. The subjects of this study were adults in caring situation, therefore they were composed of 7 patients, 6 nurses, 3 doctors, 3 pharmacologists, 3 men in paramedicine area, 3 nursing educators and 13 normal general adults. The datas were gathered through nonstructured questionnaire from June, 20th to September, 15th in 1995. The datas were subjects' descriptions about the intention, perception, and form of physical touch in caring situation and analyse by content analysis. The results as follow : The datas were divided into four areas. There were the situation being necessitated the physical touch, meaning of physical touch, form of physical touch and perception about physical touch in caring situation. The situation being necessitated physical touch were the situation that required physical treatment, to deliver the active expression of concern about the patients, to determine the treatment due to the identification of physical condition of patients and to induce the psychological equilibrium into patient's mind. The meanings of physical touch in caring situation were #NAME? #NAME? -interpersonal affectionate relation that the intentions were to deliver the understanding of patient's pain, were to delivery the meaning to the patient not be alone. The forms of physical touch in caring situation were none invasive forms just like laying hands on hand, head, shoulder, gentle knocking on the shoulder or back, massage of legs and back and finger pressure on acupuncture points. The perception of physical touch in caring situation divided into two parts. In family, the perceptions of physical touch in caring situation were to promote health status because physical touch induce the psychological peace, and to evoke the importance of relationship among family members. In relation with care giver, perception of physical touch in caring situation were inevitable process in treatment, and to deliver the trust and concern about patients.
Acupuncture Points ; Adult ; Caregivers ; Fingers ; Hand ; Head ; Humans ; Intention ; Leg ; Male ; Massage ; Nursing ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Shoulder

This study was designated to investigate communication barriers of nurses in clinical settings. This study was done in 2 phases, first content analysis on descriptions of 50 nurses in three general hospitals and 40 nursing students on communication barriers for nurses in clinical settings, and second a survey to investigate the factors related to communication barriers and the relation between the nurse's characteristics and the extent of communication barriers in clinical settings from two nurses educators, 13 nursing students who experienced clinical practice and 71 nurses in 11 general hospitals. The results are as follows : 1. Through content analysis, 11 properties of communication barriers for nurses in clinical settings were identified. These were inappropriate communication style as a nurse, lack of professionalism, in appropriate control of emotions, lack of knowledge about the clincal setting, the lack of preparation about content of communication, the problem in trust relation, differences in priorities in needs, uncontroleable situation for nurses, inappropriate nurses' perception about patients, conflict with medical team and inadequate systematic support were identified and grouped in to four categories, communicator, message, feedback and communication context. 2. The four factors in communication barriers for nurses in the clinical setting were identified and named as ambiguity in the nurses' position, lack of confidence, difference in perspectives with patients and inadequate nurse -patient relationship. 3. There was a significant difference (F=5.31, P=0.0022, F=3.62, p=0.0316, F=2.80, P=0.067, F=9.01, p=0.0003) among the groups according to work place in rating the extent of the communication barrier in the clinical setting and In the four factors, the nurses working in the psychiatric patient unit rated the communication barrier in the clinical setting lowest among the groups. There was a significant negative correlation between the length of the nurses's carrier and the extent of communication barrier in three factors, ambiguity in the nurses' position, lack of confidence and inadequate nurse-patient relationship.
Communication Barriers* ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Students, Nursing ; Workplace

A wedge shape compensating filter composed of aluminium was made to equalise the density of lung and mediastinum. Total 68 patients were taken chest tomograph with compensating filter and the radiographic findings were correlated with the pathologic, bacteriologic prove or the clinical course. This simple device was turned out to be very useful in certain disease categories, especially central type of bronchogenic carcinoma.
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic ; Humans ; Lung ; Mediastinum ; Thorax