Thoracopagus is very rare congenital anomaly with an incidence estimated at 1 in 50,000 deliveries or 1 in 600 twin deliveries. If twining is initiated after the embryonic disc and the rudimentary amnionic sac have been formed, and if division of the embryonic disc is incomplete, conjoined twins result. We experienced a case of thoracopagus in 28 years old woman. We present this case with a brief review of literatures.
Adult ; Amnion ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Twins, Conjoined

Renal failure frequently accompanies advanced hepatic failure. Even if adequate renal function is not considered as a prerequisite for transplant candidacy, impaired renal function prior to liver transplantation has been regarded as an independent risk factor of graft dysfunction and mortality. Liver transplantation in such a patient also presents a number of challenges to the anesthesiologists. Optimal fluid therapy, prompt and aggressive correction of electrolytes and metabolic disturbances, careful selection of anesthetic techniques and agents, and close monitoring of cardio-respiratory function help reduce the graft failure and perioperative mortality. In such cases, continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is used with increasing frequency during or after the surgery. So, anesthesiologists need to understand the basic principles, potential applications, and anesthetic implications of several CRRT options. We therefore present the anesthetic experience in a patient with hepatic failure combined with primary renal failure, successfully managed during or after liver transplantation.
Anesthesia* ; Electrolytes ; Fluid Therapy ; Humans ; Liver Failure* ; Liver Transplantation* ; Liver* ; Mortality ; Renal Insufficiency* ; Renal Replacement Therapy ; Risk Factors ; Transplants