OBJECTIVE: The authors reviewed experience with patients harboring intracerebral hematoma (ICH) treated by stereotactic computed tomography (CT) guided thrombolysis and aspiration and evaluated feasibility, safety and prognostic factors of this procedure. METHODS: One hundred and ten patients with supratentorial ICH >25 ml without underlying structural etiology or coagulopathy were recruited. The patients with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) <5 were excluded. A catheter was directed stereotactically into the ICH under CT guidance. Hematoma aspiration was followed by instillation of urokinase. This was repeated every 6 hours until less than half of its initial volume remained. For analysis of prognostic factors, we classified them into two groups;good (Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) > or =4) and bad (GOS<4) prognosis group, and performed comparative analysis between two groups. RESULTS: Mean age was 59.8 years. The baseline hematoma size ranged from 15 to 72 mL. ICH volume reduced by an average of 74.2%. At 6 months after the procedure, 56 patients had achieved a good recovery, 29 patients were dependent, and 10 remained vegetative. Fifteen patients died in hospital. The main good prognostic factors were young age, small ICH volume, high GCS, absence of rebleeding, underlying disease and complications. CONCLUSION: CT-guided thrombolysis and aspiration appears safe and effective in the reduction of ICH volume. Patients of ICH presenting with bad prognostic factors should require frequent radiological investigation and more meticulous procedure. Further studies are needed to assess optimal thrombolytic dosage and must include controlled comparisons of mortality, and disability outcome.
Catheters ; Glasgow Coma Scale ; Hematoma* ; Humans ; Mortality ; Prognosis ; Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator

BACKGROUND: Ethyl crbmate(EC) has been identified at low microgram quantities in various fermented beverages, destiled products and tobacco smoke. EC has long been known as a carcinogen. Oxidation of the ethyl group of EC is followed by dehydration to yield the carcinogen vinyl carbamate (VC). This is further oxidized to vinyl carbamate epoxide(VCO). VC and VCO proved to be much more carcirogenic than EC. OBJECT: The objective of this study is to compare the potency of carcinogenic ability and histologic changes in skin tumors induced by EC, VC, or VCO. METHODS: In this exeriment, the tumor induction was performed by painting the mouse skin once a week for five weeks with EC, VC and VCO solution, and then 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate(TP2) was treated in the same manner twice a week for 35 weeks. We biopsied the skin at B 0, 15, 25, 30 and 35 weeks and stained the specimens with hematoxylineosin. RESULTS: The time period for the first appearance of papilloma was 6 weeks in the VC-TPA and VCO-TPA group, but, 15 weeks in the EC TPA group. The average number of papilloma showed a statistically sign.ficant difference after 15 weeks between the EC-TPA, VC-TPA and VCO-TPA group. The occurrence of keratoacanthoma and squamous cell carcinoma was 16 and 21 weeks respectively. Histologic changes, such as epidermal layers, pseudohorncysts, degree of hyperkeratosis, hypergranulosis, dysplasia and dyskeratotic cells were more prominent in the papil loma than in the non-papilloma lesion. Dermal changes disclosed similiar findings, that is, increased dermal thicknes, proliferation of vessels and hair follicles, and fibrosis of the dermis. Squamous cell carcinomis and keratoacanthomas were produced only in the VCO-TPA group. CONCLUSION: From the above results it is concluded that VC and VCO have a more potent carcinogenic potential than EC. Various skin tumors, such as papilloma, keratoacanthoma or squamous cell carcinoma were prorduced by the above carcinogens.
Animals ; Beverages ; Carcinogens ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Dehydration ; Dermis ; Fibrosis ; Hair Follicle ; Keratoacanthoma ; Loma ; Mice ; Paint ; Paintings ; Papilloma ; Skin* ; Smoke ; Tobacco ; Urethane*

A twenty four-year-old female patient had suffered progressive dyspnea for 6 years until death. She denied any symptoms suggestive of connective tissue disease, or deep vein thrombosis. She suffered an episode of pontine infarct in 1995. Four years after diagnosis of primary pulmonary hypertension, she died of sudden death during hospitalization. Gross features of pulmonary arteries at autopsy were as follows: left main pulmonary artery showed dilation of the lumen and thickening of the wall, and right main pulmonary artery was markedly dilated and contained fresh thrombus. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of lung tissue showed plexiform lesions of pulmonary arteries, complete luminal obliteration of pulmonary arterioles and dilated lesion of pulmonary arterioles, and capillaries. This patient represents a typical case with a primary pulmonary arteriopathy with plexiform lesions with thrombotic lesion, demonstrating the importance of thrombosis in situ in the pathogenesis of primary pulmonary hypertension. To our knowledge, this is the first autopsy report on the primary pulmonary hypertension in Korea.
Arterioles ; Autopsy ; Capillaries ; Connective Tissue Diseases ; Death, Sudden ; Diagnosis ; Dyspnea ; Female ; Hematoxylin ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pulmonary* ; Korea ; Lung ; Phenobarbital ; Pulmonary Artery ; Thrombosis ; Venous Thrombosis

We evaluated retrospectively the clinical characteristics of 16 consecutive exotropia patients over 10PD following surgery for esotropia, the patients were differentiated into nonoperative and operative group. The nonoperative group comprised of 11 patients with exodeviation 10PD through 20PD(mean 12.9PD) and the orthphoria through 15PD(mean 10.5PD) at final visit. The operative group of 5 patients with exodeviation of 10PD through 30PD(mean 21PD) at postoperatively 2 weeks and 20PD through 35PD(mean 24PD) before operation of consecutive exotropia. In the second operatio, 3 patients with adduction limitation were operated with advancement of medial rectus or recession of lateral rectus of same eye. Four patients showed orthotropia at postoperatively 2 weeks, and 2 patients revealed orthotropia at the final visit. The results suggest that the degree of deviation and adduction limitation will influence the choice of therapy and second operation method.
Esotropia ; Exotropia ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies

We evaluated retrospectively the clinical characteristics of 16 consecutive exotropia patients over 10PD following surgery for esotropia, the patients were differentiated into nonoperative and operative group. The nonoperative group comprised of 11 patients with exodeviation 10PD through 20PD(mean 12.9PD) and the orthphoria through 15PD(mean 10.5PD) at final visit. The operative group of 5 patients with exodeviation of 10PD through 30PD(mean 21PD) at postoperatively 2 weeks and 20PD through 35PD(mean 24PD) before operation of consecutive exotropia. In the second operatio, 3 patients with adduction limitation were operated with advancement of medial rectus or recession of lateral rectus of same eye. Four patients showed orthotropia at postoperatively 2 weeks, and 2 patients revealed orthotropia at the final visit. The results suggest that the degree of deviation and adduction limitation will influence the choice of therapy and second operation method.
Esotropia ; Exotropia ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies

Capillary hemangiomas are common soft tissue tumors on the skin or mucosa of the head and neck in the early childhood, but very rare in the neuraxis. A 47-year-old man presented with one month history of back pain on the lower thoracic area, radiating pain to both legs, and hypesthesia below T7 dermatome. Thoracic spine MRI showed 1x1.3x1.5 cm, well-defined intradural mass at T6-7 disc space level, which showed isointensity to spinal cord on T1, heterogeneous isointensity on T2-weighted images, and homogeneous strong enhancement. The patient underwent T6-7 total laminotomy, complete tumor removal and laminoplasty. Histologically, the mass showed a capsulated nodular lesion composed of capillary-sized vascular channels, which were tightly packed into nodules separated by fibrous septa. These features were consistent with capillary hemangioma.
Back Pain ; Capillaries ; Head ; Hemangioma, Capillary ; Humans ; Hypesthesia ; Laminectomy ; Leg ; Middle Aged ; Mucous Membrane ; Neck ; Skin ; Spinal Cord ; Spine

Traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation is usually fatal. To date, few cases have been reported in the literature because survival after traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation is extremely rare. We present the case of a 47-year-old man with traumatic atlanto-occipital rotatory posterior dislocation combined with atlanto-axial rotatory subluxation and treated by occipito-cervical fusion using Bohlman's triple wiring technique.
Dislocations* ; Humans ; Middle Aged

Congenital hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia is a rare genodermatosis. It is characterized by hypohidrosis hypotrichosis, dental hypoplasia and characterstic facial features, which reflect a wide constellation of developmental defec of tissue from the ectoderm. We have encountered three cases of congenital hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia in a 28-year-old female, her new-born baby, and a 10-month-old boy with a family history. All of the three patients had hypohidrosis, hypotrichosis, defective dentition, and characterstic facial features, which were characterstic features of this disorder. In addition, they showed dry skin, sparse and thin hairs. Histopathologic findings of previous cases revealed no eccrine gland structure in the dermis with routine and immunohistochemical stainning such cytokeratin and filaggrin. We report three typical cases of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with the review of literature.
Adult ; Dentition ; Dermis ; Eccrine Glands ; Ectoderm ; Ectodermal Dysplasia 1, Anhidrotic* ; Female ; Hair ; Humans ; Hypohidrosis ; Hypotrichosis ; Infant ; Keratins ; Male ; Skin

A retrospective clinical observation was done in 90 cases of acute myocadial infarction admitted to Hanyang University Hospital from July 1972 to Dec. 1980. The following results were obtained. 1) The ratio of male to female was 2.3:1. Most patients(63.2%) were in the age groups between the 6th and 7th decades. 2) The main symptoms of acute myocardial infarction were chest pain(76.6%), dyspnea (64.4%), radiating pain(27.7%), epigastric pain(18.8%) and palpitation(15.5%). The painless infarction accounted for 11.1% of all cases. 3) The most common preceding disease was hypertension(38.5%) and other associated diseases were diabetes mellitus(13.2%), C.V.A.(8.8%), angina pectoris(8.8%), previous myocardial infarction(6.6%) and drug intoxication(3.3%). No preceding diseases were found in 12.0% of cases. 4) The anterior wall infarction was 45.5% of 90 cases, inferior wall infarction 22.2%, antero-inferior wall infarction 11.2%, subendocardial infarction 7.7%, posterolateral infarction 2% on ECG. 5) The mortality rate of patients according to the Killip class was 4.2% in class I, 14.3% in class II, 50% in class III and 76.9% in class IV. Group of high Killip class was associated with high mortality. 6) In long term prognosis according to Norris' coronary prognostic index, the highest value was 11.72 with average value of 7.02+/-2.65 in survival group, whereas in death group, the lowest value was 5.08, the highest 16.88 and average value was 10.4+/-3.86. 7) High risk subgroup who complicated within the first 4 admission days, occupied 21.1% and low risk subgroup without complication occupied 46.7%. After the 5th admission days, 2.2% of high risk subgroup was expired, whereas there was no death cases in low risk subgroup. 8) Average duration of hospitalization was 22.4+/-9.5 days in high risk subgroup and 17.3+/-6.8 days in low risk subgroup. In low risk subgroup, 10 cases were discharged within the 7th day of admission and 30 cases after the 8th day of admission. 9) 89.5% of total death occured within the 4th hospitalized day, and 66.7% of cases under systolic BP of 84mmHg were expired. Definite cardiomegaly on chest X-ray and past history of myocardial infarction were associated with high mortality. Half of cases with pulmonary edema were died.
Cardiomegaly ; Dyspnea ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Infarction ; Male ; Mortality ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Prognosis ; Pulmonary Edema ; Retrospective Studies ; Thorax

To know testicular growth and operative results after orchiopexy in unilateral cryptorchidism a retrospective study was performed on 56 patients at least 8 months after orchiopexy due to unilateral cryptorchidism by palpation of testis, inspection of operation scar, evaluating testis volume using Prader orchidometer, and interviewing with the patients and their parents about previous undescended testis. Their medical records were also reviewed. Patients' mean age at orchiopexy was 6 years and 8 months. Mean duration after orchiopexy was 3 years and 7 months at the time of followup. Inguinal orchiopexy was performed in all patients except one. Operative success was defined as scrotal position of previous undescended testis without atrophy Testis volume ratio was defined as T2/T1 (T1=volume of previous undescended testis, T2= volume of contralateral descended testis). Mean testicular volume was 3.66+/-3.12ml in previous undescended testis and 5.11+/-5.42ml in contralateral descended testis, respectively(p>0.05.) In patients with public hair mean testicular volume was 8.76+/-2.30ml in previous undescended testis and 13.5+/-4.80ml in contralateral descended testis, respectively(p<0.01). Testis volume ratio had moderate correlation with age at orchiopexy and age at followup(r=0.44, 0.46, respectively). Operative success rate was 88%. Of 47 parents who accompanied by patients 32 were satisfied, 7 were intermediate, 8 were unsatisfied with previous undescended testis associated with size, position, and/or consistency. Inguinal operation scar was cosmetically better in transverse skin incision than in oblique skin incision(p<0.01). Moderate correlation of testis volume ratio with age at orchiopexy might suggest that early orchiopexy enhances catch-up growth of previous undescended testis. Moderate correlation of testis volume ratio with age at followup and significant difference of mean testicular volume between previous undescended testis and contralateral undescended testis in patients with public airs, might imply that growth of previous undescended testis become retarded comparing to that of contralateral descended testis at puberty which is critical period for testicular growth. These should be confirmed via prospective long-term studies which include early orchiopexy and more accurate measurement of testis volume using ultrasonography. Appropriate surgical treatment of cryptorchidism needs various orchiopexy techniques and proper selection of surgical options including orchiectomy.
Adolescent ; Atrophy ; Cicatrix ; Critical Period (Psychology) ; Cryptorchidism* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hair ; Humans ; Male ; Medical Records ; Orchiectomy ; Orchiopexy* ; Palpation ; Parents ; Puberty ; Retrospective Studies ; Skin ; Testis ; Ultrasonography