BACKGROUND: Administration of hepatitis B vaccine has played a major part in the management of public health in this country. There were many researches to assess the immunogenecity, safety, long term effectiveness, dose, and route of administration of hepatitis B vaccine. But there was lack of validation of the recommendation that hepatit.is B vaccine should be administered in adults with negative HBsAg and AntiHBs, in an endemic area with high prevalence of HBsAg. Authors tried to establish a proper candidate for hepatitis B vaccination evaluating viral markers of hepatitis B in adults vaccinated. METHODS: 172 hepatitis B vaccinated subjects(35.0%) were drawn from 491 adults who have visited at health care center, Asan Kangnung Hospital from April 1st to May 31th, 1997. They were asked designed questions about the beginning year, frequency of vaccination, and the presence of family members with HBsAg in a direct line. RESULTS: Of the subjects(172), 2.3% were HBsAg(+), 63.4% AntiHBs(+), 68.6% AntiHBc(+). Among the HBsAg(-) adults(149) who had been vaccinated more than three times, 70.4%(105) were AntiHBs(+), of whom 66.6%(70) were AntiHBc(+) and 29.6%(44) were AntiHBs(-), of whom 56.8%(25) were AntiHBc(+). In the subjects(20) with family history of HBsAg, 80% were AntiHBc(+), which is higher than 61.2% in the group(129) without family history. Among the HBsAg(-) and AntiHBc(-) adults(54) who had been vaccinated more than three times, AntiHBs(+) group was not significantly differnt from AntiHBs(-) group in comparison of age and years after initial vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: The two thirds(68.9%) of vaccinated subjects showed AntiHBc(+), which means reflection of previous exposure to Hepatitis B virus. Accordingly, vaccination is not thought to be required for these. Consequently, all individuals are thought to have to be pretested for the presence of AntiHBc as well as HBsAg and AntiHBs in Korea.
Adult* ; Biomarkers ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Delivery of Health Care ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens* ; Hepatitis B Vaccines ; Hepatitis B virus* ; Hepatitis B* ; Hepatitis* ; Humans ; Korea ; Prevalence ; Public Health ; Vaccination

No abstract available.
Ventilation* ; Welding*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Spinal Cord Injuries* ; Spinal Cord* ; Urinary Bladder*

PURPOSE: Circumcision is widely practiced in Korea, but its implementation is still controversial, especially among younger parents. Using a questionnaire study, we tried to determine the rate of circumcision among elementary school boys and to determine parental concerns about phimosis and circumcision. We then compared our findings with previously published literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between May and June 2007, we randomly selected five elementary schools and distributed self-administered questionnaires to the parents of 2,712 boys from these schools. Questions were related to children's circumcision status, age at the time of circumcision, and opinions concerning circumcision, such as its necessity and benefits. Completed questionnaires were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: The response rate was 66.2%. The overall circumcision rate of boys in elementary school was 15.4%. Some 40.3% of those boys underwent circumcision in the neonatal period, and 37.3% underwent the procedure between ages 9 and 12 years. The circumcision rate was significantly higher in boys in the higher income bracket group(29.5%) compared to boys in the middle and low income bracket groups(15.4% and 12.8%, respectively). Most boys were circumcised based on the intent of their parents(64.2%). Some 44.5% of parents believed that circumcision was necessary, while 36.3% of parents believed it was not necessary. The most common motive for circumcision was "hygiene benefits"(80.2%). CONCLUSIONS: The rates of actual circumcision practice and of approval of circumcision were lower in this report compared to previous reports. It seems that more clinical research on circumcision is needed. Physicians should provide information about circumcision to boys and their parents.
Circumcision, Male ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Parents ; Phimosis

Infantile myofibromatosis is an uncommon, benign, probably hamai tomatous proliferation of myofibroblasts. This lesions are most often present before the age of 2 years, show a male predomenance and may be multiple or solitary. The solitary lesions arise in the dermis, subcutis, or deep soft tissue, most commonly in the head and neek region or trunk. The elinical coirse is benign and spontaneous regression is not infrequent. A female newborn presented with a turmr lesion on the upper portion of the right eyelid. Physical examination showed a firm, non-tender, fixed, erythematous, 3 x 3cm sized tumor. Histologic examinatign revealed a spindle cell tumor in the deimis with a whorled arrangemant and grouped fescicles. There was no evidence for potential visceval and bony involvement. Follow-up examination at 6 months of aige revealed a remarkable degree of spoitaneous involution.
Dermis ; Eyelids ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Head ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Myofibroblasts ; Myofibromatosis ; Physical Examination

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the effects of Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) on distressed married couples. METHODS: We conducted 5 to 19 EFT sessions once a week with 10 couples from Yongin Mental Hospital who were experiencing marital conflict. We assessed participants before and after EFT, using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Symptom Checklist 90-R (SCL-90R), and Korean Marital Satisfaction Inventory (K-MSI). The EFT consisted of 3 stages comprising 9 steps. Every couple followed this EFT structure. RESULTS: After completing the EFT sessions, the inventories showed the couples experiencing significant improvements in various psychological symptoms and marital satisfactions. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that EFT could be applied to distressed couples in a clinical setting and could effectively reduce psychological symptoms and improve marital satisfaction. Further study of the generalizability of these results and of the process variables are needed.
Checklist ; Depression ; Equipment and Supplies ; Family Characteristics ; Family Conflict ; Hospitals, Psychiatric ; Pilot Projects

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we examined the relationship between attachment style, alexithymia, marital satisfaction, and depressive symptoms in married couples. METHODS: We administered the Korean version of Experiences in Close Relationships questionnaire-Revised (K-ECR-R), Korean version of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20K), Revised-Dyadic Adjustment Scale (R-DAS), Korean version of the Beck Depression Inventory (K-BDI), and to 105 men and 115 women in the community. The data was analyzed with correlation analysis between related variables, and the regression analysis method of Baron and Kenny (1986) was used. RESULTS: The current study assumes that alexithymia mediates between attachment style and marital satisfaction, and these factors influence depressive symptoms. The results were as follows : 1) alexithymia mediated perfectly between attachment anxiety style and marital satisfaction and 2) alexithymia, and marital satisfaction had significant influences on depressive symptoms. Attachment avoidance style was excluded for dissatisfaction with the assumption of the regression analysis method of Baron and Kenny (1986). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that attachment style, alexithymia, and marital satisfaction seem to be important factors in depressive symptoms among married people. These results suggest that different interventions according to attachment style may helpful for the enhancement of marital satisfaction and the reduction of the depressive symptoms of married couples.
Affective Symptoms ; Anxiety ; Depression ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Humans ; Male

OBJECTIVES: Adult attachment is a relatively stable disposition, rooted in internal working models of self and relationship patterns. However, findings reported from recent research have suggested that levels of attachment anxiety, avoidance, and security are also affected by situational factors. The State Adult Attachment Measure (SAAM) was developed for the purpose of capturing temporary fluctuations in the sense of attachment security and insecurity. In this study, we examined the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the State Adult Attachment Measure (K-SAAM). METHODS: K-SAAM, Experiences in Close Relationships Questionnaire-Revised (ECR-R), Relationship Questionnaire (RQ), Korean version of Positive Affective and Negative Affect Schedule (K-PANAS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (R-DAS), and Toronto Alexithymia Scale 20-K (TAS 20-K) were administered to 180 subjects in the community. Exploratory factor analyses and correlation analyses among related variables were conducted. RESULTS: Scores on the K-SAAM demonstrated high internal consistency, with corrected item-total correlations from .56 to .87. Results of exploratory factor analysis yielded three reliable subscales measuring state levels of attachment-related anxiety, avoidance, and security. Results of additional analyses demonstrated both convergent validity and discriminant validity of the K-SAAM. CONCLUSION: The results reported here are highly supportive of the reliability, validity, and utility of the K-SAAM as a state measure of attachment. This new measure will allow clinicians to assess various temporary changes in attachment levels and to examine the efficacy of attachment-based psychotherapy. The K-SAAM has the potential to advance the field in understanding of the dynamics of adult attachment.
Adult ; Affective Symptoms ; Anxiety ; Appointments and Schedules ; Depression ; Humans ; Psychotherapy ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Reproducibility of Results

The purpose of this study is to verify severity of asthma in asthmatic patients through through the arterial blood gas analysis. Subjects were consisted of 103 patients (74 boys and 29 girls), between 2~13 years of ages. Clinically, asthmatic patients were classified into 6 groups, i, e., group 0(no rhonchi), group 1(rhonchi only), group 2(mild attack), group 3(moderate attack), group 4(severe attack), group 5(respiratory failure with disturbance of consciousness). PH kept normal range in the group 0, group 1, group 1 and group 3,but began decrease in the group 4.There was linear fall in Po2 and began decrease in the group 3. HCO3- maintained normal level through the whole range. BE showed acidemia on the whole, and began distinctive decrease in the group 4 and group 5, especially. Hypoxemia, hypercapnia and acidemia were common in patients in severe attacks with disturbance of consciousness.
Anoxia ; Asthma ; Blood Gas Analysis* ; Child* ; Consciousness ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hypercapnia ; Reference Values

A rostro-caudal topography of the oculomotor nerve fascicles is relatively well known in animal but not in human. We experienced two cases of midbrain infarctions presenting with isolated oculomotor nerve palsies. The MRI of the patient who had monocular elevation palsy with ptosis revealed a lesion in the middle to lower midbrain, whereas that of the other who had monocular depression and adduction palsy with pupillary mydriasis showed a discrete lesion in the upper to middle midbrain. We present the rostro-caudal arrangement of the oculomotor fascicles within midbrain based on MRI findings.
Animals ; Depression ; Humans ; Infarction* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mesencephalon* ; Mydriasis ; Oculomotor Nerve ; Oculomotor Nerve Diseases ; Paralysis