The purpose of this study was to investigate the ontogeny of oxytocin- and vasopressin-specific neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the human fetal hypothalamus. Eight human fetuses, 17- to 22-week gestation, were used in this study. Tissues of fetal hypothalami were fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin, embedded in paraplast, and cut serially in coronal planes. Representative sections were stained with cresyl violet for the contour of both nuclei and monoclonal antibodies to oxytocin and vasopressin were used for immunohistochemistry. In the hypothalamus, oxytocin- and vasopressin-specific neurons were first observed in a 18-week fetus. In the fetus oxytocin-specific neurons were observed in both supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus and vasopressin-specific neurons were observed only in the supraoptic nucleus. Both neurons were observed in both nuclei of the fetuses and after 19-week of gestation. In both nuclei, oxytocin-specific neurons predominate in number in each stages. The shape of two cell types was mostly oval, and no significant differences of the size between two in each stages.
Antibodies, Monoclonal* ; Fetus* ; Formaldehyde ; Humans* ; Hypothalamus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neurons* ; Oxytocin ; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus ; Pregnancy ; Supraoptic Nucleus ; Vasopressins ; Viola

PURPOSE: Periprosthetic fracture is known to be uncommon, but serious complication after total knee arthroplasty. We evaluate the clinical outcomes and radiological changes following treatment modality of periprosthetic fracture after total knee arthroplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed 13 knees of the 13 patient with periprosthetic fracture after total knee arthroplasty between March 1991 and December 2000 The average follow up period was 27 months. The patient were grouped according to the treatment methods; Group I is the patients who were treated by skeletal traction followed by cast or cast brace. Group II is the patients who were treated by open reduction and internal fixation with plate. Group III is the patients who were treated by retrograde intramedullary nails. We analyse time required for union, femorotibial angle after union, range of motion and Hospital for Special Surgery score of each group. RESULTS: Time required for union was similliar within groups. Femorotibial angle after union was not significant change in all groups postoperatively. ROM was decreased in Group I but there was not significant changes in group II and III. HSS score was decreased in Group I, 85 preoperatively and 65.2 postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Skeletal traction followed by cast or cast brace only can be recommended for knees in which the initial alignment and stability of fracture were in acceptab1e range, but it has increased functional loss because of prolonged immobilization and delayed ROM execises. In knees with malaligned and unstable periprosthetic fracture, condylar plating and retrograde IM nails can be recommended for better clinical and radiological results.
Arthroplasty* ; Braces ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Immobilization ; Knee* ; Periprosthetic Fractures* ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Traction