The rapid economic development of Korea since 1960 has also brought a rapid urbanization process, and recently many rural areas have begun to show actual depopulation, in which particularly the young, productive and high educated groups are leaving for cities. More than 70% of migrations go to large cities such as Seoul, Pusan and Taegu. Their main motives for migration are to seek a job in urban areas. The study showed following results; The rate of migration a year was 1% of total population. Regarding the age of migrators belong to between 10-39 years old, especially migrator aged 10-29 years as comprised 87%. The educational level of migrator was a little higher than that of the residents. Considering the sibling order of migrators, the traditional value system for first son seemed to change. Concerning the place of destination, more than 70% of migrators moved to large cities such as Seoul, Pusan and Taegu. The main motivation of migration was to seek a job in urban areas. The occupation at the place of destination were factory workers, employee at company, students, salesmen, farmers and public officials in that order.
Busan ; Daegu ; Economic Development ; Emigration and Immigration* ; Humans ; Korea ; Motivation ; Occupations ; Seoul ; Siblings ; Urbanization

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Heart rate variability has been known to be a prognostic factor of heart disease. However, determinants of heart rate variability in general korean population without clinical heart disease have not been studied. Objectives of this study were to measure heart rate variability in general population and to investigate clinical determinants of heart rate variability. METHODS:Heart rate variability measures were obtained by LRR-03TM and MemCalcTM software (GMS, Tokyo, Japan) from public officials in a district of Seoul and their families(n=69). Predictors of heart rate variability included age, gender, heart rate, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol. Univariate analysis and analysis of variance of low frequency power(0.04-0.15 Hz), high frequency power(0.15-0.30 Hz), and total power spectrum in relation to explanatory variables were done. In order to select determinants of heart rate variability, multiple linear regression model of each heart rate variability measure was created and stepwise selection method was applied. RESULTS: Analysis of variance showed that older age, higher heart rate, body mass index > or =27, systolic blood pressure > or =140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure > or =90 mmHg, and serum total cholesterol > or =240 mg/dl were negatively associated with one or more heart rate variability measures. Serum HDL-cholesterol > or =35 mg/dl was positively associated with low and high frequency power. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that age and heart rate were the major determinants, gender and cardiovascular risk factors such as diastolic blood pressure, HDL-cholesterol, and smoking contributed to one or more heart rate variability measures. CONCLUSIONS: Age, heart rate, gender, and cardiovascular risk factors must be considered when evaluating heart rate variability.
Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Cholesterol ; Heart Diseases ; Heart Rate* ; Heart* ; Linear Models ; Risk Factors ; Seoul ; Smoke ; Smoking

No abstract available.
Myocardial Infarction*

BACKGROUND: Seborrheic dermatitis is a very common chronic inflammatory disease. Previous studies suggested that, Pityrosporum, lipophilic fungi, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the disease clinically and mycologically for better understanding of the pathogenesis. METHODS: Two hundred and one new patient.s with seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp and 67 norrnal subjects were obs!,rved clinically by the dermatologist and studied stat,istically by questionnaires. A mycologic study of Pityrosporum was also performed by direct smear. RESULTS: Among a total of 201 patients wit,h seborrheic dermatitis, 72.6% had pityriasis sicca, 10.5% had pityr iasis steartoides and 16.9% had inflammatory seborrheic dermatitis. On clinical grading by the Kligman.. scale, grade III(slightly scaling) was the most common in the patients and 52.6% of the norma. subjects were below grade II (no scaling). Spores of Pityrosporum were observed in 76.7% of the patients and 91.5% of the normal subjects. The incidence of Pityrosporum was lower particularly in t,he patients with inflammatory seborrheic dermatitis t,han in other pa~tients groups. CONCLUSION: According to the results of the study, it, is difficult to conclude that Pityrosporum is a main causative ager t of seborrheic dermatitis. In addition, it is thought t.hat further studies of the role of Pityrosporum in seborrheic dermatitis are needed.
Dermatitis, Seborrheic* ; Fungi ; Humans ; Incidence ; Malassezia* ; Pityriasis ; Scalp* ; Spores ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: Seborrheic dermatitis is a very common chronic inflammatory disease. Previous studies suggested that, Pityrosporum, lipophilic fungi, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the disease clinically and mycologically for better understanding of the pathogenesis. METHODS: Two hundred and one new patient.s with seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp and 67 norrnal subjects were obs!,rved clinically by the dermatologist and studied stat,istically by questionnaires. A mycologic study of Pityrosporum was also performed by direct smear. RESULTS: Among a total of 201 patients wit,h seborrheic dermatitis, 72.6% had pityriasis sicca, 10.5% had pityr iasis steartoides and 16.9% had inflammatory seborrheic dermatitis. On clinical grading by the Kligman.. scale, grade III(slightly scaling) was the most common in the patients and 52.6% of the norma. subjects were below grade II (no scaling). Spores of Pityrosporum were observed in 76.7% of the patients and 91.5% of the normal subjects. The incidence of Pityrosporum was lower particularly in t,he patients with inflammatory seborrheic dermatitis t,han in other pa~tients groups. CONCLUSION: According to the results of the study, it, is difficult to conclude that Pityrosporum is a main causative ager t of seborrheic dermatitis. In addition, it is thought t.hat further studies of the role of Pityrosporum in seborrheic dermatitis are needed.
Dermatitis, Seborrheic* ; Fungi ; Humans ; Incidence ; Malassezia* ; Pityriasis ; Scalp* ; Spores ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) is a promising new imaging technique for functional mapping of cerebral cortex activation ; adequate image post-processing software is not readily available, however, we recently developed such a system based on the use of a personal computer, and evaluated its usefulness. With the cooperation of ten normal volunteers, 24 motor and five visual fMRIs activated by hand movement and photic stimulation, respectively, were performed on a 1.5-T MR unit using the gradient-echo technique(TR/TE/flip angle : 80/60/40degrees, 64X128 matrix). Functional maps were created by image post-processing, which consisted of subtraction, noise elimination by a statistical method, and coloration and overlapping of the images in sequence. All functional maps were successfully obtained. Twenty-four motor activation signals were detected in the sulci around the precentral gyrus, and five visual activation signals in the occipital lobes around the calcarine fissure. The image post-processing system developed in this study was useful for obtaining functional maps of human cerebral cortex activation. In conjunction with this system, fMRI can be successfully performed using a widely available 1.5-T MR unit.
Brain* ; Cerebral Cortex ; Hand ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Microcomputers ; Noise ; Occipital Lobe ; Photic Stimulation

The widespread use of colonoscopy for early detection of colorectal pathology has increased the use of osmotic laxatives for colonic cleansing. Among these, oral sodium phosphate preparations can cause renal insufficiency through the development of acute phosphate nephropathy. Acute phosphate nephropathy can be distinguished as early symptomatic and late insidious patterns. Patients whose presentation is insidious are easily overlooked and can progress to chronic kidney disease. We report a case of complete recovery from the late insidious type of acute phosphate nephropathy.
Colon ; Colonoscopy ; Humans ; Laxatives ; Pathology ; Renal Insufficiency ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; Sodium

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to survey current status of research and scholarly activity of residency programs and to evaluate quality of education. METHODS: Questionnaire on research and scholarly activity were sent to all residency training programs by regular mail on May 2003. The questionnaire included detailed characteristics of residency programs, current status of conferences, educations for research activities, degree of faculty involvement, and numbers of published papers and presentations for past year. RESULTS: A total of 103 residency programs answered the questionnaire. Most of the programs held journal review, book review, and clinical review in regular bases as scholarly activities. Smaller than 50% of the programs held case review, chart review, and psycho- social conference in regular bases. As research activity, 40 programs offered educations on epidemiology and statistics, and 55 programs held critical review of the literatures. Faculties involve actively in residents' research project in the process of designing research questions and selecting the subjects, but less actively in the process of gathering informations, completing manuscripts, and preparing presentations. Degrees of faculty involvement were smaller in the programs which are connected with medical school, had only 1 faculty, and educational experiences of the faculty were insufficient. CONCLUSION: Current scholarly activities were active in various aspects, but psychosocial conference and chart audit should be encouraged. Special efforts are required in the research activities, especially in programs which were not connected with medical school and had only one faculty.
Congresses as Topic ; Education ; Epidemiology ; Family Practice ; Humans ; Internship and Residency* ; Korea ; Postal Service ; Schools, Medical

The Currarino triad is a unique complex of congenital caudal anomalies, including anorectal malformation, sacral bony defect and presacral mass. This triad may be associated with Mullerian duct anomalies, such as duplication of the vagina and uterus. Each of these diseases has a familial tendency and sometimes coexist within families. But, when coexisting in familial cases, nearly all reported cases revealed mutations of the motor neuron and pancreas homeobox 1 (MNX1) gene. Familial cases of Currarino triad combined with Mullerian duct anomaly without MNX1 gene mutation are very rare. Here we report cases of mother and daughter, who had Currarino triad and Mullerian duct anomaly without MNX1 gene mutation, along with a brief literature review.
Genes, Homeobox ; Humans ; Mothers* ; Motor Neurons ; Mullerian Ducts ; Nuclear Family* ; Pancreas ; Uterus ; Vagina

The masticatory function of tooth is maintained by the periodontal health, and periodontal health is also maintained by the masticatory function. Bite forces are withstanded by the PDL, and this thought to be through the viscoelastic theory. Mobility test and Bite force test are used to evaluate the viscoelastic theory of the PDL. In this study, the bite force test was used. In the same conditions of quantity of the supporting tissue, the maximum bite force according to the quality of the supporting tissue was evaluated. The study was conducted on 40 patients with moderate adult periodontitis, who were indications to the modified widman flap treatment. The maximum bite force in the premolar and molar regions were tested before treatment, 3weeks and 4 weeks after treatment. and the results were as follows. 1. In the premolar region, 3 weeks and 4 weeks after treatment showed higher maximum bite force than before treatment. And in the molar region the maximum bite force decreased 3 weeks after treatment, but increased after 4 weeks, compared to before treatment. 2. In the 1st premolar, there were only significant difference between before and 3 weeks after treatment, and between and 4 weeks after treatment. 3. In the 2nd premolar, there were only significant difference between before and 3 weeks after treatment, and between and 4 weeks after treatment. 4. In the 1st molar, there were no significant difference between before, 3 weeks after treatment, 4 weeks after treatment. 5. In the 2nd molar, there were no significant difference between before, 3 weeks after treatment, 4 weeks after treatment. From the results above, it shows that there were improvements in the maximum bite force through specific periodontal treatments, and thus it can be considered in clinical situations, that selection of the prosthodontic material, decisions of extraction, evaluation of the prognosis after periodontal treatment is a helpful method.
Bicuspid ; Bite Force* ; Chronic Periodontitis ; Humans ; Molar ; Prognosis ; Prosthodontics ; Tooth