PURPOSE: To evaluate MR characteristics of periosteal reactions and subperiosteal abscesses in osteomyelitis as compared with radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 28 patients(18 males, 10 females) with osteomyelitis. Nineteen patients underwent MR imaging with 0.5 T. We analyzed for morphologic patterns, intervals of appearance and disappearance of periosteal reactions after symptom onset. Twenty-three patients were confirmed by surgery and 5 patients by the radiologic findings, clinical and laboratory data. RESULTS: Periosteal reaction appeared as low signal intensity arc on the T1- and T2-weighted axial images. In 3-7 days after symptom onset, periosteal reactions and subperiosteal abscesses were noted on MR imaging, and only two of eleven patients were noted in radiographs. Periosteal reactions of 8-14 days after symptom onset were demonstrated in all of 13 patient on MR, and 9 on plain radiographs. All patients with 2 weeks after symptom onset showed perioste.al reaction in plain film and MR. The periosteal reactions persisted until approximately 2 to 3 months after treatment on follow up radiographs. CONCLUSION: Periosteal reactions in osteomyelitis are detected on the MR imaging earlier than plain film. MR is valuable in detecting subperiosteal abscess which is not appecent in simple radiographs. Periosteal reactions can be seen on MR in 3 days after symptom onset and persist for 2-3 months after treatment.
Abscess ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Male ; Osteomyelitis* ; Retrospective Studies

Objectives: ：The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) tendency on cognitive functions in the group of depression. Methods: ：117 male patients with depression (51 with adult ADHD and 66 with adult non-ADHD) were recruited in this study. All patients were subject to the following tests : Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (K-WAIS-IV), Executive Intelligence Test, Rey-Kim memory test, Beck’s Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), and Beck’s Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS), Lee Ji-Yeon’s adult ADHD scale. Results: ：Compared to the adult non-ADHD group, the adult ADHD group showed lower score in Rey-Kim memory test. Several test scores were negatively correlated with ASRS (free recall test trial 2 : r=-0.184, p=0.047, trial 3 : r=-0.277, p=0.002, trial 4 : r=-0.242, p=0.009, trial 5 : r=-0.264, p=0.004, delayed recall test : r=-0.187, p=0.044, recognition test : r=-0.209, p=0.024). No significant correlation was found between depression, anxiety and Rey-Kim memory test even though there is a meaningful correlation between adult ADHD tendency the severity of depression and anxiety. Conclusion ：In this study, we found the adult ADHD with depression group has difficulties in retaining information and maintaining attention. Interestingly, it was proved the difference comes from ADHD tendency, not from the severity of depression or anxiety.

Purpose: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is associated with lower urinary tract symptoms and negatively affects the quality of life. We aimed to investigate the treatment pattern of BPH in South Korea. Methods: Information on treatment modalities and diagnoses of BPH was obtained from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service-Aged Patient Sample. Data on BPH patients aged ≥60 years from 2012 to 2016 were obtained. We surveyed the treatment pattern of BPH, including the types of drugs used and surgeries performed, according to the type of institution. Results: In this study, 18,260–24,657 BPH patients treated between 2012 and 2016 were included. The number of patients showed an increasing pattern, and drug therapy was the major treatment method used for BPH (98.77%). Moreover, the pattern of increased pharmacotherapy use for BPH was reinforced by the increasing number of patients. Prescription of α-blockers only was dominant in this cohort (45.7%). Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) was the most commonly used surgical treatment for BPH (53.6%), but it showed a decreasing pattern over time. In contrast, holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) showed an increase from 19.4% to 39.7%. Conclusions The most common treatment for BPH was drug therapy, predominantly only α-blocker therapy. The surgical treatment trend has changed from TURP to HoLEP.

BACKGROUND: Transmyocardial revascularization (TMR) in end stage ischemic heart disease results in variable clinical responses. We investigated the acute effect of early reperfusion and the angiogenesis after formation of the transmyocardial channel in a transplanted rat heart model with acute myocardial infarction. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In the 30 transplanted hearts we induced acute myocardial infarction by ligating the proximal left coronary artery and inserted a porous 22G intravenous cannula into the left ventricle. After ten minutes of reperfusion, we removed the cannula. At every stage, we recorded the heart rate, QRS size, and left coronary arterial blood flow using the electrocardiogram and Doppler. One week later the rats were sacrificed and evaluated for the patency of intramyocardial channels and the angiogenesis. RESULT: The heart rates after ligation and after cannula insertion were 239.1+/-61.7, 235.8+/-58.0 bpm respectively, and they were statistically significantly slower than that of before ligation, 277.6+/-40.3 bpm (p=0.017, p=0.007 respectively). QRS sizes before ligation, after ligation, and after cannula insertion were 3.6+/-3.3 mm, 2.8+/-3.3 mm, and 2.4+/-2.2 mm, respectively, and there was no significant difference in the three groups. Doppler findings after ligation showed that average peak and mean values of coronary perfusion were significantly decreased from 2.11+/-0.17 kHz, 1.25+/-0.22 kHz to 0.83+/-0.15 kHz, 0.38+/-0.11 kHz (p<0.05 respectively). After insertion of the porous cannula, the average peak and mean values of coronary perfusion were 0.61+/-0.05 kHz and 0.33+/-0.05 kHz respectively, but there was no statistically significant change compared to values after ligation. In all cases except one, pathologic findings showed no patent channels in the acute stage, however, one case showed the angiogenesis. CONCLUSION: We confirmed that TMR in a rat heart transplant model did not show blood flow through the channel in the acute stage. However, reperfusion effect in some cases had a potential for angiogenesis.
Animals ; Catheters ; Coronary Vessels ; Electrocardiography ; Heart Rate ; Heart Ventricles ; Heart* ; Ligation ; Myocardial Infarction ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Myocardial Revascularization ; Perfusion* ; Rats* ; Reperfusion

Hemothorax in a patient on anticoagulant therapy for atrial fibrillation after blunt trauma is not an uncommon event. However, massive hemothorax in such a patient with an extremely uncontrolled and high international normalized ratio (INR) may pose a serious dilemma. We report a case of a patient under anticoagulant therapy for atrial fibrillation who underwent an emergent thoracotomy for massive hemothorax with an INR of 9.57.
Atrial Fibrillation ; Hemothorax ; Humans ; International Normalized Ratio ; Thoracotomy

OBJECTIVE: The molecules related with the intracellular signal transduction system are one of the main targets for the mode of mechanisms of antidepressant treatment in depressive patients. In vivo and in vitro studies have provided the evidence that the transcription factor, CREB (c-AMP response element binding protein) is the key mediator of the therapeutic response to antidepressants. We investigated the relationship between the treatment response to fluoxetine for 6 weeks and the change of CREB immunoreactivity in peripheral T lymphocyte. METHODS: CREB-expression and phosphorylation were quantified via western blot, and binding activity between transcription factor and CRE-oligonucleotide via electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) in nuclear extracts from 14 normal controls and 31 depressed patients at 0 and 6th week during fluoxetine treatment (20 mg/day). Responder was defined as the > or =50% of reduction or < or =7 of HAM-D score. We compared the changes of CREB during 6 weeks of fluoxetine treatment between drug responders and non-responders using SPSS11.0. RESULTS: After six weeks of treatment with fluoxetine, the drug responders showed a significant increase in CREB (p=0.024 by t-test) and p-CREB (p=0.045 by Mann-Whitney U test) compared with the non-responders. The change of CREB immunoreactivity was positively correlated with the change of p-CREB (r=0.770, p=0.000 by Spearman's rho), and the change of p-CREB was also positively correlated with CRE-DNA binding (r=0.753, p=0.000 by Spearman's rho). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that CREB response in peripheral lymphocyte may reflect and mediate the response to antidepressant treatment in depressed patients.
Antidepressive Agents ; Blotting, Western ; Depression ; Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay ; Fluoxetine ; Humans ; Lymphocytes* ; Phosphorylation ; Response Elements ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors

Proximal coronary artery stenosis after direct coronary artery ostial perfusion is an infrequent but life-threatening complication. We had been experienced 3 cases of proximal coronary artery stenosis related to direct ostial perfusion since September, 2000. And now we report the cases.
Constriction, Pathologic ; Coronary Disease ; Coronary Stenosis* ; Coronary Vessels* ; Perfusion*

PURPOSE: To describe MR findings and differential points of supratentorial cystic intracranial lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed and analyzed the MR findings of 59 patients with supratentorial cystic intracranial lesions, and classified them as follows: tumor-associated cyst, infectious cyst, ex-vacuo type cyst, and congenital/developmental cyst. RESULTS: Among 59 patients, 47 tumor-associated cysts were seen in 17, 42 infectious cysts in 13, 17 ex-vacuo type cysts in 10, and 19 congenital/developmental cysts in 19. In 44 of 47 tumor-associated cysts, increased or inhomogeneous internal signal intensity was seen on T1-weighted image, 37 of 47 showed thick uneven walls ; 35 of 47 had enhancing solid components and there was variable perifocal edema and mass effect. Infectious cysts were multiple (11 of 13). In cases of brain abscess, increased internal signal intensity on T1-weighted image, low signal intensity of abscess wall on T2-weighted image, thick even enhancing wall, and marked perifocal edema(4 of 4) were seen in all four cases. Cysts in cysticercosis were variable in appearance depending on the stage, but were smaller than other cystic lesions. Ex vacuo type cysts were of uniform CSF signal intensity in all pulse sequences and there was no identifiable wall or enhancement associated with enlarged adjacent ventricle and encephalomalacia(17 of 17). Congenital/developmental cysts showed a single lesion(19 of 19), a signal intensity similar to CSF in all pulse sequences(15 of 19), no identifiable wall(16 of 19), no enhancement(17 of 19), and no perifocal edema(19 of 19). CONCLUSION: MR was used to categorize supratentorial cystic intracranial lesions into four groups on the basis of their number, size, internal homogeneity of signal intensity on T1-weighted image, enhancing pattern, perifocal edema and mass effect, thereby improving diagnostic specificity and patient management.
Abscess ; Brain Abscess ; Cysticercosis ; Edema ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity

PURPOSE: To assess MR findings of hydroxyapatite orbital implants and their usefulness for the evaluation of fibrovascular ingrowth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR images of 32 hydroxyapatite orbital implants were obtained six months after implantation surgery. We retrospectively analysed MR images for signal intensity and contrast enhancement in both central and peripheral zones of the implants. The degree of contrast enhancement in an implant was compared with that of the temporalis muscle on contrast enhanced fat suppressed T1 weighted images. RESULTS: On T1-weighted images, implants showed a higher signal intensity than that of the vitreous body in the opposite globe. All implants showed peripheral contrast enhancement, densely enhanced in 30 cases and faintly in two. Three implants showed dense central contrast enhancement, and in the remainder, enhancement was similar to that of gray matter. On T2 weighted images, bright signal intensity was noted in 29 implants, focally in 19 and diffusely in ten. In most cases, areas of peripheral iso- to low signal intensity on T2-weighted images corresponded well with the contrast-enhanced area on T1 weighted images. CONCLUSION: At six months ofter surgery, Gd-enhanced MR imaging was useful for the evaluation of fibrovascular ingrowth in hydroxyapatite orbital implants.
Durapatite* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Orbit* ; Orbital Implants* ; Retrospective Studies ; Vitreous Body