To identify the developmental characteristics of fetal skin, the expressions of cytokeratine (CK) and epidermal growth factor (EGFR) in fetal skin (12-24 weeks of gestation) were studied immunohistochemically, and the ultrastructure of epidermis was also observed. The Expressions of CK and EGFR were identified in labelled sterptoavidine biotin immunohistochemical method. Primary antibodies used monclonal mouse anti-human CK (DAKO-CK, MF116) and EGFR Ab-4 which is rabbit affinity-purified polyclonal antibody raised against the amino acid residues 1005-1016 (Onc Science). At 12 weeks of gestation the epidermis was composed basal layer and periderm and the cells of both layers were positively stained for CK and EGFR. At 16-18 weeks of gestation, epidermis was composed basal, intermediate, and periderm. The cells of basal layer and periderm were strongly positive for CK, but the cells of intermediate layer showed weak or negative reaction for CK. EGFR immunoreactivity was noted in cells of all three layers, though cells of basal layer were stained relatively weak. At 23-24 weeks of gestation, the epidermis thickened and appeared 6 or more cell layers. Epidermal cells except horny layer were stained positively for CK and EGFR. EGFR immunoreactivity in basal layer, however, was relatively weak compared to those in intermediate layers. Periderm always were reaction-positive for CK and EGFR. The hair follicles, mainly pre-germ stage, were negatively stained for CK and EGFR at 12 weeks of gestation. The hair follicles with various developing stages were positively stained at 16-18 weeks of gestation. At 24 weeks of gestation, inner sheath of hair shaft and sebaceous gland were strongly reacted for CK, but not reacted for EGFR. In electron microscopic study, epidermis was composed of two layers, basal layer and periderm at 12 weeks of gestation. The periderm was composed of basal, intermediate and periderm at 12 weeks of gestation. The periderm was composed of basal, intermediate and periderm layers at 16-18 weeks of gestation. Intermediate cells consisted of 2-3 layers of spinous cells. The granular cells appeared rarely in superficial cells of intermediate layers. At 23-24 weeks of gestation, epidermis consisted of basal, prickle, granular, and horny layers. Periderm cells were locally exfoliated from the hony layer. The results demonstrate the expression of CK and EGFR in skin of human fetus between 12 and 24 weeks of gestation, and suggest that full thickness of epidermis is formed by 24 weeks of gestation.
Animals ; Antibodies ; Biotin ; Epidermal Growth Factor ; Epidermis* ; Fetus* ; Hair ; Hair Follicle ; Humans* ; Keratins ; Methods ; Mice ; Pregnancy ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor ; Sebaceous Glands ; Skin

No abstract available.
Pregnancy* ; Spermatozoa*

Our present knowledge of impetigo contagiosa extends from its first description as a separate clinical entity by Fox in I864, and the proof of its bacterial etiology by Radcliffe-Crocker in 1881. Both staphylococci and streptococci have been discovered from the lesions, but the relative preponderance of each varies greatly, and reports are contradictory. Seventy-eight patients with impetigo contagiosa were studied bacteriologically in order to ascertain the primary etiologic agent. Also, a susceptibility test (Bauer- Kirby method) was done on the isolated organisms with 7 antibiotics which are used frequently in the clinical field. Specimens obtained from the skin lesions were cultured and organisms were isolated. They were identified by various biochemical and serological tests. A DN ase test, a carbohydrate fermentation test, and a coagulase test were done for the isolated staphylococci. A bacitracin disc method and a precipitin test(Lancefield method) were done for the isolated B-hemolytic streptococci. The results were as follows: Fifty-six cases(71.8%) were infected by staphylococcus only. Twenty cases(25.6%) were infected by a mixture of staphylococcus and p-hemo- lytic streptococcus. Only 2 cases(2.6%) were infected by B-hemolytic streptococcus alone. All 76 strains of staphylococci were identified as coagulase positive staphylococci. Among the 22 strains of B-hemolytic streptococci, 15 strains were identified as group A and remaining 7 strains were identified as group B. Coagulnse negative sta,phylococcus was not found. In the susceptibility test to 7 antibiotics, staphylococci showed susceptibility to lincomycin, erythromycin, cloxacillin, and chloramphenicol, and resistance to tetra-cycline, penicillin, and ampicillin. Streptococci showed susc.ptibility to all of the above antibiotics except tetracycline. From the results of this experiment, it was concluded that the primary etiologic agent of impetigo contagiosa was coagulase positive staphylococcus and streptococcus for the most part can be considered as a secondarily infecting agent. Coagulase negative staphylococcus apparently is not implicated as an etiologic agent of impetigo contagiosa. The results of the antibiotic susceptibility tests would seem to indicate that the use of such antibiotics as tetracycline, penicillin, and ampicillin is not indicated in the treatment of impetigo contagiosa.
Ampicillin ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacitracin ; Chloramphenicol ; Cloxacillin ; Coagulase ; Erythromycin ; Fermentation ; Humans ; Impetigo ; Lincomycin ; Penicillins ; Serologic Tests ; Skin ; Staphylococcus ; Streptococcus ; Tetracycline

Ninety-one cases of genitourinary tract injuries which were admitted to Severance Hospital during the period from Jan. 1960 to Aug. 1968 were analyzed clinically and statistically. And it was investigated compared with previous papers 1) The rate of genitourinary injuries accounted for 7.3 per cent to the total admission patients during eight years sixty-nine per cent of all injuries were in men and thirty-one per cent in women. The age distribution was much the same as that found in previous literature. Most favorable age was in from 20 to50 years for 72.5 percent 2) The meet common involvement site was in urethra for32.9 per cent while external genitalia showing most common site in war wound Also iatrogenic ureteral injuries was relatively high in spite of most less commonest incidence in previous paper 3) Thirty-six per cent of all injuries weredue to traffic or vehicular accident and twenty-four per cent 'due to iatrogenic. Majority of these iatrogenic injuries occurred in pelvic operation. Falls kick and blow were listed not less frequently. 4) On observation of kidney injuries. predisposed hydronephrotic kidney was injured more frequently due to mild external forces and three cases of sixteen kidney injuries had hydronephrosis dueto stone and congenital ureteral stricture in this series 5) An incidence of ureteral injury during radical hysterectomy was variable in literature. but it was noted around 10 percent generally. In reviewing 197 cases of radical hysterectomy for carcinoma of cervix, incidence of ureteral injuries was 12 cases(7.3 per cent) and it was listed 9.3 percent including bladder injuries. 6) In investigating bladder injuries, 53 percent of injuries were associated with pelvic bone fracture And 87 per cent was extraperitoneal type and 13 per cent wasin intraperitoneal rupture. 7) Also majority of urethral injuries were associatedwith pelvic bone fracture especially in car accident cases and then involved posterior urethra for 85 per cent. And bulbous urethra was injured by straddle injury for 70 per cent.
Age Distribution ; Cervix Uteri ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Female ; Genitalia ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis ; Hysterectomy ; Incidence ; Kidney ; Male ; Pelvic Bones ; Rupture ; Ureter ; Urethra ; Urinary Bladder ; Wounds and Injuries

No abstract available.
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli*

OBJECTIVE: Estrogen is a major regulator/modulator of bone metabolism, and bone loss in estrogen deficiency is associated with increased bone turnover, But the mechanism for estrogen action on bone metabolism is still unknown. Recent studies have suggested that the increase in bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency is mediated by increased paracrine production of bone resorbing cytokines. Among cytokines, 1nterleukin-6(IL-6) is released from osteoblasts in estrogen deficiency and increases bone resorption by stimulation of osteoclastic activities and recruitment. Thus we performed this study to evaluate the effect of ovariectomies on bone mineral density and IL-6 in cultured monocytes of peripheral blood and bone marrow. METHODS: The experimental animals were 13 female Sprague-Dawley rats that were 8 weeks of age and weighed an average of 188.5 gram at the beginning of the study. Bilateral ovariectomies were performed in all rats from a ventral approach. Bone mineral density(BMD) of the total body, spine and level of IL-6 of cultured monocytes of peripheral blood and bone marrow were measured before and 8 weeks after ovariectomy. RESULTS: 1) BMD of total body and spine were lower after ovariectomy(0.257+/-0.069g/cm2, 0,208+/-0.005g/cm2) than before ovariectomy (0.276+/-0.005g/cm2, 0.229+/-0.011g/cm2), respectively (P<0.01). 2) Although IL-6 level of cultured monocytes in peripheral blood tended to be higher after ovariectomy than before ovariectomy, this difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). 3) IL-6 level of cultured monocytes in bone marrow was higher after ovariectomy(82.78+/-4.99pg/ml) than before ovariectomy(48.85+/-2.42pg/ml)(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: It is possible that increased production of IL-6 in estrogen deficiency induced by ovariectomy occurs in the local environment of bone or bone marrow rather than in the pheripheral blood and stimulates bone resorption.
Animals ; Bone Density* ; Bone Marrow ; Bone Resorption ; Cytokines ; Estrogens ; Female ; Humans ; Interleukin-6* ; Metabolism ; Monocytes ; Osteoblasts ; Osteoclasts ; Ovariectomy* ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Spine

Diastematomyelia, a form of spinal dysraphism, is characterized by a division of the spinal cord or canda equina resulting the form a bony or cartilaginous spur which transfixes the neural elements and dura. The presence of a structure of neural crest origin in the subarachnoid space connecting the spicules suggested that the anomaly resulted from delayed closure of the neural tube and its investments. The cinical finding are presumed due to its restriction, tethering of the normal apward migration of the spinal cord. Congenital anomalies of one or both lower extremities and spine are frequently found with this condition. The surgical removal is recommended as a prophylactic measure against further progressive neurological damage. The purpose of this paper is to presented becanse it was associated with clubfoot and adds to understanding of teratogenesis of diastematomyelia.
Clubfoot ; Investments ; Lower Extremity ; Neural Crest ; Neural Tube ; Neural Tube Defects ; Spinal Cord ; Spinal Dysraphism ; Spine ; Subarachnoid Space ; Teratogenesis

Chordoma is a rare distinctively malignant tumor thought to be histogenetically related to the primitive notochord, It is locally infiltrative but does not metastasize until late. The usual initial symptom is pain or some symptom caused by involvement of the nervous system. Involed in the order of frequency are the sacro-coccygeal area, the spheno-occipital area, and the other vertebral area. This case is a sacro-coccygeal chordoma that is confirmed by histologic examination. The lesion was treated by complete excision.
Chordoma ; Nervous System ; Notochord

No abstract available.
Hyperthyroidism* ; Muscular Diseases*

No abstract available.
Hepatitis B Vaccines* ; Hepatitis B* ; Hepatitis* ; Hot Temperature* ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability*